[kictanet] My take:One subject, varying quality - We lack anaccreditation system for ICT courses
Gakuru Alex
alexgakuru.lists at gmail.com
Mon Jul 6 14:02:54 EAT 2009
Granted, perhaps Evans meant to refer to "The Dutch government moves for
open source" http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-9833905-16.html and "Dutch
government moves ahead with plans to promote use of open-source software" <
http://news.theage.com.au/technology/dutch-government-moves-ahead-with-plans-to-promote-use-of-opensource-software-20071214-1gzj.html
>
And NO! this matter is not rested at all...
Alex
On Mon, Jul 6, 2009 at 10:39 AM, Victor Gathara <v-gathara at dfid.gov.uk>wrote:
> Evans
>
> Your comment *"In some developed countries like Germany and UK, the
> policies are there and they clearly state that (in Government) you can only
> buy proprietary software only if you cannot get a OSS option to do what you
> need to do" *is a misrepresentation of UK government policy on OSS.
>
> The Government’s policy is as follows:
>
> *Open Source Software*
> 1. The Government will actively and fairly consider open source
> solutions alongside proprietary ones in making procurement decisions,
> 2. Procurement decisions will be made on the basis on the best value
> for money solution to the business requirement, taking account of total
> lifetime cost of ownership of the solution, including exit and transition
> costs, after ensuring that solutions fulfil minimum and essential
> capability, security, scalability, transferability, support and
> manageability requirements.
> 3. The Government will expect those putting forward IT solutions to
> develop where necessary a suitable mix of open source and proprietary
> products to ensure that the best possible overall solution can be
> considered.
> 4. Where there is no significant overall cost difference between open
> and non-open source products, open source will be selected on the basis of
> its additional inherent flexibility.
>
>
> *Non–Open Source Software*
> 1. The Government will, wherever possible, avoid becoming locked in to
> proprietary software. In particular it will take exit, rebid and rebuild
> costs into account in procurement decisions and will require those proposing
> proprietary software to specify how exit would be achieved.
> 2. Where non open source products need to be purchased, Government will
> expect licences to be available for all public sector use and for licences
> already purchased to be transferable within the public sector without
> further cost or limitation. The Government will where appropriate seek
> pan-government agreements with software suppliers which ensure that
> government is treated as a single entity for the purposes of volume
> discounts and transferability of licences.
>
>
> *Open Standards*
> 1. The Government will use open standards in its procurement
> specifications and require solutions to comply with open standards. The
> Government will support the development of open standards and
> specifications.
>
>
> *Re–Use*
> 1. The Government will look to secure full rights to bespoke software
> code or customisations of commercial off the shelf products it procures, so
> as to enable straightforward re-use elsewhere in the public sector. Where
> appropriate, general purpose software developed for government will be
> released on an open source basis.
> 2. Where the public sector already owns a system, design or
> architecture the Government will expect it to be reused and that commercial
> arrangements will recognise this. Where new development is proposed,
> suppliers will be required to warrant that they have not developed or
> produced something comparable, in whole or in part, for the public sector in
> the past, or where they have, to show how this is reflected in reduced
> costs, risks and timescale.
> 3. When suppliers are proposing a third party product there should be
> full price transparency. If there is a pan–Government agreement there should
> be the option to source through this where doing so would maximise overall
> public sector value. The Government will expect to be charged only the cost
> the supplier incurs unless the supplier can clearly and transparently
> provide evidence of the additional value created.
>
> Victor
>
>
>> On 7/3/09, Evans Ikua <ikua at lpakenya.org> wrote:
>>>
>>> As far as the policy goes, I beg to disagree with Dr Ndemo. Its good to
>>> have a policy that makes the playing field level. That is a good start and
>>> that is the basic minimum that should be expected. On the other hand, its
>>> very important to understand that for the sake of the interests of a
>>> country, its important to have a policy that supports what we believe is
>>> good for us. If we are all convinced that OSS is good for us, then there is
>>> no-one to stop us from having a policy that supports OSS very openly. Too
>>> bad if some Proprietary software houses will not like it. But we must learn
>>> to protect our national interests agressively. The many countries in Europe
>>> and the rest of the world have gone this direction and they are enjoying the
>>> benefits of OSS. *In some developed countries like Germany and UK, the
>>> policies are there and they clearly state that (in Government) you can only
>>> buy proprietary software only if you cannot get a OSS option to do what you
>>> need to do.
>>> *
>>> As for the MoE, its very hard to penetrate to them as some of us have
>>> learnt. At the same time, the OSS advocates we have in this country (us
>>> included) have very limited capacities as we do not receive any funding from
>>> anyone. This is one of the handicaps that OSS advocacy has. We volunteer our
>>> resources (time and money) and have to compete with software companies that
>>> are supported by Marketing budgets that run into the Billion Dollars.
>>>
>>>
>>> --
>>> Evans Ikua
>>> Linux Professional Association of Kenya
>>> Tel: +254-20-2250381, Cell: +254-722 955 831
>>> Eagle House, 2nd Floor
>>> Kimathi Street, Opp. Corner House
>>> www.lpakenya.org
>>>
>>>
>>> Quoting bitange at jambo.co.ke:
>>>
>>> Prof. Waema,
>>>> A good policy levels the play ground. What each party (Proprietary or
>>>> OSS) does should not concern policy. That is why we need the
>>>> procurement
>>>> rules change to give everybody an equal chance.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Ndemo.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Bwana Sang,
>>>>>
>>>>> You have a point. We do not have strong OSS champions, especially in
>>>>> the
>>>>> public sector - at least not as powerful as the evangilists for
>>>>> proprietary
>>>>> software. This situation is not helped by a non-committal policy. Let
>>>>> me
>>>>> chew over how we can change things.
>>>>>
>>>>> Mwololo
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On 6/30/09, Barnabas K. Sang <bksang at education.go.ke> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Tim,
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I agree with you to some extent, that we all need revision of the
>>>>>> current
>>>>>> ICT Policy to accommodate the key issues Kenya currently is focusing
>>>>>> on.
>>>>>> On
>>>>>> OSS, I still doubt capacity of “*OSS Champions*” on the issue having
>>>>>> observed in the past one year, how an opportunity to have 210
>>>>>> secondary
>>>>>> schools each equipped with 25 PCs and use both proprietary software
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> OSS
>>>>>> (Funds provided for) progressed.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> To date, no OSS proponents have brought any concept on how MOE can
>>>>>> facilitate the adoption and use of OSS. There are some brilliant OSS
>>>>>> solutions, particularly supporting teaching and learning (animated
>>>>>> content
>>>>>> -> good for illustrations of difficult concepts in some subjects) and
>>>>>> development of content for use by all education and training
>>>>>> stakeholders
>>>>>> (teachers, students, parents and researchers).
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I would like to acknowledge existence of sufficient leadership (policy
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> managers) to support modernization of education (ICT integration to
>>>>>> teaching
>>>>>> and learning). We may not have all necessary capacity yet for
>>>>>> decision-makers to guide the process, but in partnership with all
>>>>>> stakeholders, I believe OSS will definitely find a niche in the whole
>>>>>> ICT
>>>>>> integration exercise being spearheaded by MOE. Perhaps people like
>>>>>> yourself
>>>>>> and others in this network, could enlightened us on how OSS could be
>>>>>> part of
>>>>>> ICT integration efforts at an early stage as possible.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Kind Regards
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> B. K. Sang
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> *From:*
>>>>>> kictanet-bounces+bksang=education.go.ke at lists.kictanet.or.ke[mailto:
>>>>>> kictanet-bounces+bksang <kictanet-bounces%2Bbksang>=education.go.ke@
>>>>>> lists.kictanet.or.ke] *On Behalf Of *Mwololo Tim
>>>>>> *Sent:* Tuesday, June 30, 2009 8:02 AM
>>>>>> *To:* Barnabas K. Sang
>>>>>> *Cc:* KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions
>>>>>> *Subject:* Re: [kictanet] Fw: RE: One subject, varying quality - We
>>>>>> lack
>>>>>> an accreditation system for ICT courses
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Listers,
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Our 2006 national ICT policy is silent on open source software (OSS).
>>>>>> As
>>>>>> we
>>>>>> think of a review of this policy, which according to me is due due to
>>>>>> a
>>>>>> number of issues (Vision 2030, BPO, and many other developments), we
>>>>>> should
>>>>>> think seriously about a section on OSS policy.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tim mwololo
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 6/29/09, *Evans Ikua* <ikua at lpakenya.org> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There is also Camara Kenya (the local office of camara.ie) that has
>>>>>> done
>>>>>> tremendous work in the area of putting hardware in schools, both
>>>>>> Primary
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> Secondary, installing open source software, supporting them, and
>>>>>> training
>>>>>> the teachers. This in a short period of time.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Their work has mainly been in the coast region but they are also
>>>>>> getting
>>>>>> into the hinterland. They have about 150 volunteers from Ireland who
>>>>>> have
>>>>>> just come in and they will conduct trainings for about a month.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> They have equipped schools in the whole of Lamu island, and many
>>>>>> schools
>>>>>> at
>>>>>> the coast.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> They are achieving much more by using FOSS as a computer installed
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> Linux gives much more to a student as opposed to one installed with
>>>>>> Windows.
>>>>>> Because they are not spending a penny on software licenses, they are
>>>>>> able to
>>>>>> supply like twice the number of PCs than if they were to have the
>>>>>> schools
>>>>>> buy licenses.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Ikua
>>>>>>
>>>>>> --
>>>>>> Evans Ikua
>>>>>> Linux Professional Association of Kenya
>>>>>> Tel: +254-20-2250381, Cell: +254-722 955 831
>>>>>> Eagle House, 2nd Floor
>>>>>> Kimathi Street, Opp. Corner House
>>>>>> www.lpakenya.org
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Quoting Walubengo J <jwalu at yahoo.com>:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> forwarded--- On Thu, 6/25/09, Emmanuel Khisa
>>>>>> <emmanuel.khisa at kadet.co.ke>
>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> From: Emmanuel Khisa <emmanuel.khisa at kadet.co.ke>
>>>>>> Subject: RE: [kictanet] One subject,varying quality - We lack an
>>>>>> accreditation system for ICT courses
>>>>>> To: "'Walubengo J'" <jwalu at yahoo.com>
>>>>>> Date: Thursday, June 25, 2009, 10:11 AM
>>>>>>
>>>>>> And Project Discovery Kenya has been able to train more that 200
>>>>>> primary
>>>>>> school teachers over the last five years in conjunction with Institute
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> Software technologies...I also know that similar training went on in
>>>>>> Yala
>>>>>> Division last April for Primary school teachers in the division
>>>>>> organised
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> the Computers for Schools.
>>>>>> On the subject of lack of adequate professors, I will leave that to
>>>>>> Academicians and those keen on interrogating academics, I however
>>>>>> would
>>>>>> like
>>>>>> the ICT training to move from over concentration with the academics
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> more
>>>>>> to the more handson...more like incubator based learning
>>>>>> approach...While
>>>>>> the Far East economies have good universities, they still put more
>>>>>> premium
>>>>>> on handson skills...It is sad that even our graduate engineers let
>>>>>> alone
>>>>>> IT
>>>>>> graduates (who by the way take a lot of flack) cannot invent or think
>>>>>> outside the box...I mean no invention ever comes out of these highly
>>>>>> restricted courses yet only a select few universities dare to venture
>>>>>> into...
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The answer in my opinion lies in building skills that are more
>>>>>> practical
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> focussed on creating entrepreneural opportunities.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Rgds,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Manu
>>>>>>
>>>>>> "New opinions are always suspected and usually opposed, without any
>>>>>> other
>>>>>> reason but because they are not already common."
>>>>>> P Before printing, think about the Environment and your
>>>>>> responsibilities
>>>>>> -----Original Message-----
>>>>>> From: kictanet-bounces+emmanuel.khisa=kadet.co.ke@
>>>>>> lists.kictanet.or.ke
>>>>>> [mailto:kictanet-bounces+emmanuel.khisa<kictanet-bounces%2Bemmanuel.khisa>
>>>>>> <kictanet-bounces%2Bemmanuel.khisa>
>>>>>> =kadet.co.ke at lists.kictanet.or.ke] On
>>>>>> Behalf Of Walubengo J
>>>>>> Sent: Thursday, June 25, 2009 8:41 AM
>>>>>> To: emmanuel.khisa at kadet.co.ke
>>>>>> Cc: KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions
>>>>>> Subject: Re: [kictanet] One subject,varying quality - We lack an
>>>>>> accreditation system for ICT courses
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I agree that something is happening within the High-School teaching
>>>>>> fraternity. Last April, Multimedia University College trained 80 high
>>>>>> school
>>>>>> headteachers from Samburu and I think Transmara Districts, giving them
>>>>>> basic
>>>>>> ICT skills...am aware Strathmore University, IAT etc also do such
>>>>>> trainings
>>>>>> regularly...It may not be enough, but its definitely a good kick in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> right direction.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As for the University Level IT faculty staff. Unfortunately the
>>>>>> statistics
>>>>>> are likely to be true. You can count the number of IT Professors in
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> country on your three fingers ;-)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> walu.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> --- On Wed, 6/24/09, Barnabas K. Sang <bksang at education.go.ke> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> From: Barnabas K. Sang <bksang at education.go.ke>
>>>>>> Subject: Re: [kictanet] One subject, varying quality - We lack an
>>>>>>
>>>>>> accreditation system for ICT courses
>>>>>>
>>>>>> To: jwalu at yahoo.com
>>>>>> Cc: "KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions" <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>
>>>>>> Date: Wednesday, June 24, 2009, 11:32 PM
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Betty,
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Thanks for your response on the article
>>>>>> mentioned below. Will go
>>>>>> through it and perhaps respond on key issues raised, which
>>>>>> ICT in Education has
>>>>>> already done or planned. I hope it will minimize fears all
>>>>>> of us have or may be
>>>>>> persuaded to think all is totally misplaced and lost.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ?ICT Integration? is currently Ministry
>>>>>> of Education focus, and
>>>>>> steps already put in place are expected to make Kenya
>>>>>> improve both teaching and
>>>>>> learning environment, with better education ?products?
>>>>>> across all levels.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Kind regards
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> B. K. Sang
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> From:
>>>>>> kictanet-bounces+bksang=education.go.ke at lists.kictanet.or.ke
>>>>>> [mailto:kictanet-bounces+bksang <kictanet-bounces%2Bbksang><kictanet-bounces%2Bbksang>=
>>>>>> education.go.ke at lists.kictanet.or.ke]
>>>>>> On
>>>>>> Behalf Of Betty Ogange
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sent: Wednesday, June 24, 2009 4:31 PM
>>>>>>
>>>>>> To: Barnabas K. Sang
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cc: KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Subject: Re: [kictanet] One subject, varying quality
>>>>>> - We lack an
>>>>>> accreditation system for ICT courses
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Hallo David,
>>>>>> Last week there was furore in this forum
>>>>>> about media
>>>>>> misrepresentation of the Kenyan situation. The article
>>>>>> that you make
>>>>>> reference to in today?s Standard (24.06.09) may be
>>>>>> accurate in the areas that
>>>>>> you have highlighted. However, I wish to take issue with
>>>>>> a few points raised
>>>>>> in the article.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://www.eastandard.net/education/InsidePage.php?id=1144017693&cid=316
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ?Unlike other academic fields, very
>>>>>> little has been done
>>>>>> to train most teachers in ICT skills. Currently, no
>>>>>> primary teacher training
>>>>>> college offers comprehensive pre-service training in
>>>>>> information technology.?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Anyone with a modest interest in education in
>>>>>> Kenya would not
>>>>>> miss something as obvious as a subject in the national
>>>>>> curriculum when reporting
>>>>>> in a national daily. Prior to the year 2004, a few
>>>>>> colleges had ICT skills
>>>>>> courses for pre-service teachers based on in-house
>>>>>> curricula that were
>>>>>> independently developed by each college. The Primary
>>>>>> Teacher Education (PTE)
>>>>>> ICT curriculum developed by the Kenya Institute of
>>>>>> Education has been in
>>>>>> force since the year 2004 and ICT is taught as a
>>>>>> compulsory subject in all
>>>>>> primary teacher training colleges. It is examined
>>>>>> internally at the end of
>>>>>> the first year and all students must pass in the subject,
>>>>>> among other
>>>>>> subjects, in order to proceed to second year. There are
>>>>>> several
>>>>>> implementation hitches in this programme arising from the
>>>>>> fact that ICT is
>>>>>> being taught as a discrete subject in the curriculum and
>>>>>> has yet to be
>>>>>> mainstreamed in the other subjects in the PTE curriculum.
>>>>>> The debate around
>>>>>> ICT- pedagogy integration in education and how to
>>>>>> operationalise it right
>>>>>> from curriculum development to classroom level
>>>>>> implementation continues in
>>>>>> the education circles.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ?In-service training is often
>>>>>> provided by trainers who
>>>>>> are just barely literate in
>>>>>> computers?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In my knowledge, this has happened especially
>>>>>> in instances when
>>>>>> some hardware providers ?dangle? teacher training as
>>>>>> an additional offer to
>>>>>> the institution. TTCs used to hire ICT technicians to
>>>>>> teach the course, but
>>>>>> in the last 2 years, the Teacher Service Commission has
>>>>>> posted trained
>>>>>> lecturers of ICT to a number of TTCs. There have also
>>>>>> been some highly
>>>>>> professional training offered to college lecturers by
>>>>>> Microsoft (in
>>>>>> conjunction with the Institute of Advanced Technology -
>>>>>> IAT) and the Kenya
>>>>>> Technical Teachers College. Computers for Schools Kenya
>>>>>> and the Nepad
>>>>>> e-schools teacher training programmes have also reached
>>>>>> teachers in selected
>>>>>> secondary schools. Lack of co-ordination (as with the
>>>>>> rest of the ICT
>>>>>> initiatives in Kenya ), lack of clear training targets
>>>>>> and time-lines have
>>>>>> compromised continuity and impact of some of these
>>>>>> training programmes.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ?The
>>>>>> entire ICT education is in tatters?
>>>>>> An interesting analogy there. But I see a
>>>>>> sector that is struggling
>>>>>> with what some scholars in educational reform have called
>>>>>> an ?implementation
>>>>>> dip? ? that for a number of reasons things normally
>>>>>> tend to get worse before
>>>>>> they can get better. There are lots of difficulties in
>>>>>> implementing large
>>>>>> scale ICT initiatives in the education sector world over.
>>>>>> In our country,
>>>>>> there have been positive efforts by the Ministry of
>>>>>> Education, the KIE and a
>>>>>> number of stakeholders in education, and these do count.
>>>>>> On the other hand,
>>>>>> there has been the tendency (by education leaders)
>>>>>> towards elaborate policy
>>>>>> documents, ?ICT networks? and trust funds whose
>>>>>> mandates remain
>>>>>> indeterminate. All these need to be researched and
>>>>>> accurately presented.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Accurate reporting by the media and objective
>>>>>> analysis of both
>>>>>> the positives and difficulties are important in helping
>>>>>> the public target
>>>>>> their attention and effort. Besides the inaccuracies, the
>>>>>> use of expressions
>>>>>> such as ?in tatters? ?the situation is bad?,
>>>>>> ?alarmed professionals?
>>>>>> ?obsolete hardware? to describe ICT in education in
>>>>>> Kenya sounds to me fairly
>>>>>> sensational.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Betty
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> --- On Wed, 6/24/09, David Otwoma
>>>>>> <otwomad at gmail.com>
>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> From: David Otwoma <otwomad at gmail.com>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Subject: [kictanet] One subject, varying quality - We
>>>>>> lack an accreditation
>>>>>> system for ICT courses
>>>>>>
>>>>>> To: ogange at yahoo.com
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cc: "KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions"
>>>>>> <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Date: Wednesday, June 24, 2009, 9:32 AM
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> .....universities
>>>>>> offer many degrees but their quality and market demand
>>>>>> differ......
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Although
>>>>>> nearly all universities offer degrees, only the
>>>>>> University of Nairobi, Jomo
>>>>>> Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and
>>>>>> Strathmore have
>>>>>> Master?s programmes and only UON and Jkuat teach at
>>>>>> doctoral level.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There
>>>>>> is a diminishing number of staff with PhDs in ICT
>>>>>> departments. According to
>>>>>> Prof Rodrigues, UoN has the highest number of full-time
>>>>>> lecturers with PhDs
>>>>>> in ICT that stands at eight of 18, while Jkuat has three
>>>>>> of six, which is the
>>>>>> same number for Strathmore.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Kenyatta
>>>>>> University has nine full-time but none of them have a PhD
>>>>>> or an equivalent
>>>>>> qualification, while none of the Kabarak?s eight
>>>>>> lecturers have a PhD. Two of
>>>>>> six of United States International University has
>>>>>> doctoral degrees.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Many
>>>>>> lecturers have no experience as ICT professionals as
>>>>>> engineers, software
>>>>>> developers or in the emerging area of computer and
>>>>>> network security.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://www.eastandard.net/education/InsidePage.php?id=1144017693&cid=316&
>>>>>>
>>>>>> for full story
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> --
>>>>>>
>>>>>> David Otwoma,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Chief Science Secretary,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> National Council for Science and Technology,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Utalii House 9th Floor,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Mobile tel: +254 722 141771,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Office tel: +254 (0)20 2346915,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> P. O. Box 5687 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
>>>>>>
>>>>>> email: otwomad at gmail.com & otwoma at ncst.go.ke
>>>>>>
>>>>>> www.ncst.go.ke
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
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>>>>>>
>>>>>>
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>
> --
> David Otwoma,
> Chief Science Secretary,
> National Council for Science and Technology,
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