<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Adam,</div><div><br></div><div>Many thanks as always for stirring the conversation, i will attempt to give some feedback on your feedback. I hope other colleagues can chime in. Indeed Spectrum has been a very opaque subject and the silence is a testament to this. Be that as it may , we are at an important phase of history where we are attempting to move local stakeholders from the spectrum menu onto the table. My responses are in line <br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, May 28, 2021 at 6:53 PM Adam Lane via kictanet <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div lang="ZH-CN">
<div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Hi Mwendwa<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Everything has gone silent, even though this is a controversial topic!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Maybe I can stir up some debate…<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Firstly, it would be helpful to clarify what the problem is before trying to identify the solution. For example, is it a lack of spectrum or is it
the cost of spectrum or is it something else? Actually there is quite a lot of spectrum available in Kenya that is completely un-used (for example, in 700 Mhz band that is good for rural areas) and some that is so under-used (by some ISPs and some government
users) that the best thing to do would be to return it to the CA and let the CA license it to someone else to use.
<u>[In relation to the Spectrum Fees Topic] </u></span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO</b>: In my humble opinion, the problem is lack of sufficient meaningful and affordable access despite the efforts made by mainstream operators. Some parts of the country are still unserved and others are underserved. Community Networks are an attempt at local solutions to local connectivity challenges. A good example that most of us relate to was shared by Michuki Mwangi during the Webinar where we pool resources to sink boreholes and build water networks in the rural areas with the goal of ensuring each home/household has a decent water supply. Before we sink boherholes permission is required from the relevant government authorities under the ministry of water. In the same case, community members can come together through CBOs or relevant special purpose vehicles and develop frameworks for ensuring they get meaningful and affordable connectivity. <br></div><div>On the issue of Spectrum I agree with you that there is under-used spectrum that can be returned to CA after which CA can license someone else to use. I believe this is what this process is all about. A new license category is in the office that can take advantage of this unused or underused spectrum. I believe this is the way the likes of Kameme TV started which broke the glass ceiling on who could own a TV.<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Certainly the cost of that spectrum is a challenge for many, and it is very commendable that the CA proposes to
</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Review spectrum fee framework recognising the need for significantly reduced fees for underserved/rural areas</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">.
I fully support this and it should be applicable to ALL spectrum license holders to encourage as many as possible to connect more unconnected areas. Fees can help work out who to allocate spectrum to that is serious about using it, but it also adds major costs.
There are multiple fees at the moment, not just for spectrum licenses but also per base station using it, and even for using spectrum for backhaul to base stations.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO: I agree with your observation on the need for an all encompassing review of the spectrum framework. My humble opinion though is that we should not mix the two and should give due attention to the later as you propose since there might be many factors beyond the current issue premised around developing a culture of local solutions to local problems. Community Networks have the potential to spur local development of Network equipment. Latvia has done well with Mikrotik, China has done well with the Huawei and Ubiquiti products. I believe Kenya can come up with a local solution in future using the dormant Gilgil Telecommunication Industries.</b> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Secondly, it is important to understand that connectivity relies on infrastructure investments, the business case for which need some predictability.
One cannot build a network (whether a community network or a “regular” ISP) without some guarantee that the infrastructure will still be usable for 5 years or 10 years etc.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO : This is true. A lot of peer support is taking place in the background to make sure that Community Networks understand the fundamental issues of connectivity. We are discussing meaningful and affordable connectivity. Forums such as the Kenya Network Operators Group (<a href="http://www.nog.ke">www.nog.ke</a>) have been very helpful on this front hosting panels that reflect on Infrastructure investments and the business case for the same.</b><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"> Also, it is critical to avoid different providers using the same spectrum too close
to each other that it causes interference. These kind of issues are what makes shared spectrum tricky. When does one decide the spectrum is not being used in a location and let someone else use it compared to recognizing the license holder just has not yet
got around to building in that location but will do “soon”? Leasing spectrum from a license holder could be a viable option (i.e. that license holder agrees to let someone else the their spectrum in a particular location for a fee and for a determined time).
<u>[In relation to IMT spectrum topic]</u></span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO: Agreed. This is a factor of capacity building. The Communications Authority has Regional Offices that I believe can assist in equipping Community Network and other operators with ample knowledge on spectrum utilization and management.</b> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">In relation to this a critical issue with investment in infrastructure and having predictability is the issue of wanting to change a spectrum usage
after equipment has been invested in. Let me give 2 example:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:18pt">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><span>1)<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">TV White Space regulations have been available in some countries (e.g. US, UK) for many years but have had very little adoption. Meanwhile
some of those frequencies have been used for regular mobile use, e.g. 600 Mhz network in the US and achieved wide scale and are particularly useful for rural coverage. What if equipment is deployed to use TVWS in this frequency but gets little adoption so
the CA wants to change to mobile use; what to do with the existing equipment? How to avoid interference with the new equipment?
<u>[In relation to dynamic spectrum access topic].</u> Since there is plenty of spectrum available in Kenya, just some is not well used and could be taken back/re-distributed and some is too expensive, there may not be a huge need for TVWS, but if ISPs can
get it to work with the geolocation databases, and if they can get good enough Quality and Speeds, they could try.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:18pt">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><span>2)<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Use of equipment in unlicensed spectrum – once it is in use in the market then it cannot be taken out of the market and new equipment brought
in. With licensed spectrum it is easier to manage. So for example as countries weight up spectrum for wi-fi vs 5G, if later there is more demand for 5G, it will not be possible to remove wi-fi equipment since there is no record of who owns it.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO : I agree with your observations. It would be good to have feedback from the Communications Authority on the results of the trials that were done ny Mawingu Networks and Strathmore University with respect to the use of TV White Space.</b><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Third, it is important to recognize the need and benefits from economies of scale. Nationwide providers get this from non-infrastructure based operations
(e.g. creating an organization with administration functions, customer service functions, core network, billing systems etc) and they also get this from having common infrastructure. This is a challenge for localized spectrum access
<u>[in regards the IMT spectrum topic]</u>.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO: Agreed. As a matter of fact, we have so many homegrown Customer Relationship Management Solutions that have been developed to respond to the needs of the Sambaza culture in our mtaas. This is the beauty of Community Networks</b> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">[on the license exempt spectrum]</span></u><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"> It is clear
that in Kenya the majority of people use mobile for their access (from a base station that is using either microwave or fiber) or they are using wi-fi for their access (from a mobile router or a home fiber router). Most ISPs that provide wi-fi networks also
use fiber as their backhaul. In the future more and more people may be able to use both mobile routers (5G capacity) or home fiber routers (fiber). In fact there is need for more spectrum for mobile, as more and more people will use 4G and 5G mobile routers
to give them wi-fi at home especially in rural or less dense places where fiber may be expensive. In these cases there is no need for more spectrum for wi-fi. Wi-fi provides only short-range internet and is easily blocked by walls, and with 7+ Gbps capacity
that is more than enough for the small number of users for each access point (It can get 7Gbps because it already has 560 Mhz of spectrum, way more than mobile) whereas each mobile base station will support thousands of users. Mobile base stations cannot work
with unlicensed spectrum.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO : I agree there is need for more spectrum for mobile. I equally think there is need for more spectrum for wi-fi since it the preferred mode of access in the rural areas. I would prefer an evidence based approach to this issue.</b><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><i><u></u><u></u></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Also [<u>on license exempt spectrum]</u>, it is noted that in the CA document that there is frequent interference for those using it for backhaul.
This is an inevitable problem with unlicensed spectrum which causes quality issues, making it unsuitable for large scale deployments of backhaul in dense populations (with other users of wi-fi for personal use as well as use for backhaul intefering).</span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><b>BO : Agreed. This issue has come up for discussion during the Community Networks panel on the Kenya Network Operators Group. Community members are already aware of the punitive steps that CA takes when there is interference. I beleive there is need to create more awareness around this issue to deter such occurrences.</b><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="ZH-CN"><div class="gmail-m_5197738696004723953WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">I know this can get quite technical, but I hope that some of this information may be useful. Note some comments I have made are simplified/generalized
to try to be brief and not too technical.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Regards<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Adam<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> kictanet [mailto:<a href="mailto:kictanet-bounces%2Badam.lane" target="_blank">kictanet-bounces+adam.lane</a>=<a href="mailto:huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank">huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Mwendwa Kivuva via kictanet<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, May 28, 2021 12:20 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Adam Lane <<a href="mailto:adam.lane@huawei.com" target="_blank">adam.lane@huawei.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Mwendwa Kivuva <<a href="mailto:Kivuva@transworldafrica.com" target="_blank">Kivuva@transworldafrica.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [kictanet] Shared Spectrum Framework for Community Networks for Kenya online discussion<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Listers,<br>
<br>
The tread on Licensing framework is on fire and doing very well. Thank you all for the contributions, reading, learning, relearning ... Please continue debating on that thread.<br>
<br>
We will start a new thread on the proposed "Shared Spectrum Framework". The Licensing and Shared Spectrum Framework for Community Networks for Kenya that was issued by the Communications Authority of Kenya, available for <a href="https://ca.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Licensing-and-Shared-Spectrum-Framework-for-Community-Networks-May-2021.docx.pdf" target="_blank">direct
download here</a>. <br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<b><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">License Exempt Spectrum </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">WiFi has emerged as a powerful technology for both access and backhaul around the world but regulation has not fully kept up with the backhaul developments.</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">The draft framework recommends:</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Review the Guidelines on the use of Radiofrequency Spectrum by Short Range Devices to amend EIRP limits for 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz Wi-Fi for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
use.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Review options for lowering the barrier to use of other license-exempt bands for PtP and PtMP use, including 24 GHz and 60 GHz.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Expand the range of frequencies available for license-exempt use, especially in the 5 & 6 GHz range<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">To strengthen collaborations with service providers to foster standards and regulatory inclusion.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<b><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Dynamic Spectrum Access </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">To expedite the commercial availability of geolocation database service and implement required mechanisms to make the TVWS spectrum available immediately to
operators.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">To establish an incubatory period for TVWS technologies.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">To evaluate with regional regulators the feasibility of a common approach implementation of geolocation databases<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<b><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">IMT Spectrum</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Establish a regulatory sandbox for localised spectrum access for small operators in an unassigned LTE band.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Conduct a review of international approaches to the creation of more localised access to spectrum to inform the establishment of a more permanent mechanism
for local spectrum access that is well adapted to the Kenyan context.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify">
<b><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Spectrum Fees</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline">
<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Review spectrum fee framework recognising the need for significantly reduced fees for underserved/rural areas.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Consider a spectrum fee reduction scheme for non-profit community networks.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Questions:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">What are your comments on the proposed recommendations?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">What in your opinion are the most important considerations the proposed shared spectrum framework should address?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">Are there gaps you have identified in the existing licensing framework in respect to spectrum assignment and utilization?
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">How would you recommend CA to address the identified gaps?<br clear="all">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-US">______________________<br>
Mwendwa Kivuva, Nairobi, Kenya<br>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mwendwa-kivuva" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/mwendwa-kivuva</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><b>Barrack Otieno<br></b></div><div><b>Trustee</b></div><div><b>Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTAnet)</b><br></div><div><b>Skype:barrack.otieno</b></div><div><b>+254721325277</b></div><div><b><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/barrack-otieno-2101262b/" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/barrack-otieno-2101262b/</a><br></b></div><div><b><a href="http://www.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank">www.kictanet.or.ke</a></b><br></div></div></div></div>