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<div>@ Wambua, </div><div><br></div><div>your referenced CA report does indeed say 47.9% of internet subscriptions are on broadband Pg17.</div><div><br></div><div>As to what exactly is broadband internet...the definition form ITU (256Kbps one OR both ways?) would definitely be outdated. </div><div><br></div><div>Theoretically the concept of broadband internet is a moving target and hard to really box-into a number.</div><div><br></div><div>It gets worse with different technologies...Radio (3g/4g/5g) vs Cabled (fiber, copper).</div><div><br></div><div>OR with different applications (are you streaming video, doing voice/voip, completing a financial transaction or doing telemedicine / remote surgery?) </div><div><br></div><div><span><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">All these applications require different quality of services - that the term 'broadband' tries to capture in one value (256Kbs/512Kbps/1Mbs/10Mbs/etc).</div><div><br></div></span></div><div>Then through in the access devices the user is using to access the service (mulika mwizi phone, smart phone, tablet, laptop, workstation, etc) and you get the challenge of what Quality of Service (QoS) means and what it means to try and measure it. </div><div><br></div><div>At the end of the day, it is a question of fit for use. </div><div><br></div><div>Focusing too much on a mathematical figure like in the old telephone days, may miss the point. Which is bringing communities to the internet to do what they want to do using devices they currently have.</div><div><br></div><div>That said, it is good for the regulator /broadband strategies to have targets...but probably not split too many hairs about it given the realities of different quality standards for different use cases, application area and circumstances.</div><div><br></div><div>NB: 5G is supposed to streamline this by splitting QoS according to application domain areas. So maybe in future we may split the QoS hairs after all.</div><div><br></div><div>walu.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>
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On Thursday, April 25, 2019, 10:50:25 PM GMT+3, Wambua, Christopher via kictanet <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke> wrote:
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Below are responses to your additional queries: </div>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">If I am not mistaken, the last time land based internet coverage and population based internet coverage was mentioned on the list, Rachel
indicated that CA would update the methodology. While at this, Ali has shared connectivity statistics from CA where 47.9% of internet subscribers are using broadband. Perhaps you can give us your definition of broadband, and also what 47.9% broadband internet
subscribers mean. Does it mean people?</span></p>
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<div style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><font color="#00007f"><i>First and foremost, we are not sure where the figure of<span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;font-size:11pt;"> 47.9%</span><font face="Arial Narrow,sans-serif" size="3"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif"> was
obtained from since </font><font face="Calibri,sans-serif">our statistics reports outlines the number of</font></font><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;font-size:11pt;"> broadband subscriptions.</span> For more details please refer to <font face="Calibri,sans-serif">.</font></i><font face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></font><a shape="rect" href="https://ca.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Sector-Statistics-Report-Q2-2018-19.pdf" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:12pt;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ca.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Sector-Statistics-Report-Q2-2018-19.pdf</a></font></div>
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<div style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><i><font color="#00007f">As regards the review of the methodology used to compute internet and mobile subscriptions, may wish to note that this is work still in progress. We shall apprise the
community on the revised methodology in due course</font>. </i></div>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font color="#0070c0" face="Arial Narrow,sans-serif">Based on ITU standards, mobile broadband subscriptions refer to subscriptions to mobile cellular networks with access to data communications (e.g.</font><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">the
Internet) at broadband speeds</span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"> </span><b style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">(defined as greater than or equal to 256 kbit/s in one
or both directions</b><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">) such as </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">WCDMA, HSDPA, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and CDMA 2000 1xEV-DV, irrespective
of the device used to access the Internet</span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">(handheld computer, laptop or mobile phone etc).</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">These services are typically referred to as 3G or 3.5G and include:</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">- </span><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), an IMT-2000
3G mobile network technology, based on CDMA that presently delivers </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">packet-switched data transmission speeds up to 384 kbit/s and up to 2 Mbit/s when fully implemented.
It is known</span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">as </span><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System </span></i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">(UMTS) in Europe.</span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">- High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), an upgrade to W-CDMA to allow downlink data transmission at speeds </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">of
typically 8-10 Mbit/s. It is complemented by High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which offers uplink </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">speeds of around 5 Mbit/s.</span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">- CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution, Data Optimised), an IMT-2000 3G mobile network technology, based on CDMA that </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">delivers
packet-switched data transmission speeds of up to 4.9 Mbit/s.</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants also referred to as Mobile broadband Penetration </span></i></b><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">is
derived by dividing the number of mobile broadband subscriptions </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">by the total population and then multiplying by 100.</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Fixed Internet subscribers </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);"></span></i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">refer
to the total number of Internet subscribers with fixed access, which includes dial-up </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">and total fixed broadband subscribers: cable modem, DSL Internet subscribers, other
fixed broadband and leased line </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">Internet subscribers.</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Subscribers should be distinguished from users. </span><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Subscribers </span></i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">are
entities (e.g. businesses, individuals) that subscribe </span><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">to an Internet access service. </span><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Users </span></i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">are
entities that use those services. In the case of individuals, users are always </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">more numerous than subscribers, because one subscription can service several users. The difference
is likely to be </span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">even greater where public access to the Internet is common. Internet users are derived from household surveys.</span><span style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"> </span><i style="color:rgb(0, 112, 192);font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;">In
the case of fixed internet services such as fibre, wireless, satellite, users are always more numerous than <b>subscribers</b>, because one <b>subscription</b> can service <b>several users</b>. The difference is likely to be even greater where public access
to the Internet is common. However, it is the opposite for mobile internet services, <b>subscriptions</b> are always more than <b>users</b> since one subscriber can own <b>multiple SIM cards</b>.</i></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Subscriber-</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Entity
or an individual with an active contract between themselves and a service provider. Used in the case of fixed services.</span></i></p>
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to any SIM card that has generated revenue in the last 90 days.</span></i><b><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);"></span></b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Used
in the case of mobile services only.</span></i></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">User- </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Refers to any
individual or entity that has consumed internet services in the last 12 months regardless of technology, location etc</span></i><b><span style="font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);"></span></b></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="font-size:14px;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Thanks Ali for going deeper on what Broadband means. "High speed Internet (on fibre, or radio, or coaxial), that is always
on. Let me be a case sturdy. Over the last few years, I have used Zuku (5mbps, ksh3000/month), Safaricom fibre (5mbps, ksh3000/month), and Poa internet (2mbps, ksh1500/month) at home. Zuku on fibre but coaxial at home, Safaricom on fibre, and Poa Internet
on radio and twisted pair. These three services, Safaricom fibre, Poa Internet, and Zuku, were they always on? No. Could I run a server on it? No. Could I support a life saving machine on it? No. </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="font-size:14px;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="font-size:14px;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Now, can these companies claim to be providing broadband at home if it is not always on?</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">From a Regulatory reporting perspective,
an <b>Active Subscription/Subscriber</b> is described as any subscription/subscriber that has generated (through usage or receipt of services) any revenue through service provision in the last 90 days. If the broadband connectivity was not on within the last
90 days then it’s not counted.</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);"></span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Verdana-Bold;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">This also leads me to DATA BUNDLES. Is data bundles broadband whether 3G, 4G, 5G? </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 112, 192);">Yes.
Refer to above definitions.</span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:15px;"><span style="line-height:16px;color:rgb(0, 108, 184);"><font face="Cambria Math">Christopher Wambua<b></b></font></span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:15px;"><span style="line-height:16px;color:rgb(0, 108, 184);letter-spacing:0.75pt;"><font face="Cambria Math">Director/Communications & Public Affairs | Communications and Public Affairs</font><font size="3" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"></font></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Tel: +254 20 4242000/284</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Office Mobile: +254 730 042284/</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"> +254 730172284</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">P.O. Box 14448 Nairobi 00800</span></p>
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<img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889Picture_x0020_8" width="23" height="24" src="cid:QgQaZuC5JBYtWA5w1H7R" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/mail.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true"><u>wambua@ca.go.ke </u><a shape="rect" href="https://www.facebook.com/CAOKenya?ref=hl" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889Picture_x0020_6" border="0" width="22" height="22" src="cid:BfFXbaXeTWTvpIEPCBp6" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/facebook.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true">Communications
Authority of Kenya</span></a><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><a shape="rect" href="https://twitter.com/CA_Kenya" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889Picture_x0020_5" border="0" width="22" height="22" src="cid:YkdhMBKXnKQkpFXhwWKy" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/twitter.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:windowtext;">ca_kenya </span></a><a shape="rect" href="http://www.ca.go.ke/" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889Picture_x0020_4" border="0" width="23" height="20" src="cid:o7mHRAF2ZFrUGuu0Y0ny" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/web.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true"></span><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">www.ca.go.ke </span></a></p>
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<span style="font-weight:bold;">From: </span>Kivuva KictaNet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:Kivuva@transworldafrica.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kivuva@transworldafrica.com</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Date: </span>Wednesday, 24 April 2019 at 20:22<br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">To: </span>Christopher Wambua <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:wambua@ca.go.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wambua@ca.go.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Cc: </span>KICTAnet Discussions <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Subject: </span>Re: [kictanet] Online discussion on State of Broadband in Kenya<br clear="none">
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<div><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Thank you Wambua for the prompt and detailed response. Let me also be the first on the list to congratulate you on your new signature footer. The thing we end users like about CA is that it is very responsive,
and the communications team is willing to brief the community on what is going on. Countless times, Rachel Alwala has always been on standby to respond to listers.</span>
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<div><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">If I am not mistaken, the last time land based internet coverage and population based internet coverage was mentioned on the list, Rachel indicated that CA would update the methodology. While at this, Ali
has shared connectivity statistics from CA where 47.9% of internet subscribers are using broadband. Perhaps you can give us your definition of broadband, and also what 47.9% broadband internet subscribers mean. Does it mean people?</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Thanks Ali for going deeper on what Broadband means. "High speed Internet (on fibre, or radio, or coaxial), that is always on. Let me be a case sturdy. Over the last few years, I have used Zuku (5mbps, ksh3000/month),
Safaricom fibre (5mbps, ksh3000/month), and Poa internet (2mbps, ksh1500/month) at home. Zuku on fibre but coaxial at home, Safaricom on fibre, and Poa Internet on radio and twisted pair. These three services, Safaricom fibre, Poa Internet, and Zuku, were
they always on? No. Could I run a server on it? No. Could I support a life saving machine on it? No. </span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Now, can these companies claim to be providing broadband at home if it is not always on?</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">This also leads me to DATA BUNDLES. Is data bundles broadband whether 3G, 4G, 5G?</span></div>
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, Apr 24, 2019, 4:12 PM Wambua, Christopher <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:Wambua@ca.go.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wambua@ca.go.ke</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
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<div>Mwendwa,</div>
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<div>Apologies for the belated response. Yes, indeed CA uses population and land based statistics to measure coverage of the population on 2G, 3G, and 4G services. In line with the recommendations of the Access Gaps study carried out in 2016, the Authority
is currently implementing two priority universal access projects using the USF levy. These projects are:</div>
<ol style="list-style-position: inside;list-style-position: inside"><li>Education broadband connectivity projects in 896 public secondary schools. This project involves providing broadband connectivity to public secondary schools spread across the 47 counties. So far a total of 600 secondary schools have been connected. </li><li>The USF voice infrastructure project – which has facilitated mobile voice infrastructure coverage in 62 sub-locations in marginalized areas that previously did not have any coverage. The 62 sub-locations spread across the country, now enjoy access to 3G
(voice and data) services. </li></ol>
<div> In appreciation of the importance of ensuring universal access to ICT services, the Authority is currently in the process of tendering for an additional 129 sub-locations that have no coverage, with a view to ensuring that the prevailing voice and data
gaps are reduced. It is important to note that the Access Gaps Study identified a total of 512 sub-locations that had zero or less than 30% mobile (voice and data) coverage. The funds required to close these gaps are estimated at Kshs 120 billion. Noting
the enormity of the funds required to close the gaps, the Authority is also using other regulatory mechanisms, including licence obligations to the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to fast-track facilitation of connectivity to unserved and underserved population. </div>
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<div>We are planning to formally launch these projects to apprise the industry and other stakeholders on the progress made so far in respect to the utilization of the USF. I hope this provides clarity to your concerns. </div>
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<div>Regards,</div>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:15px;"><span style="line-height:16px;color:rgb(0,108,184);"><font face="Cambria Math">Christopher Wambua<b><u></u><u></u></b></font></span></p>
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:15px;"><span style="line-height:16px;color:rgb(0,108,184);letter-spacing:0.75pt;"><font face="Cambria Math">Director/Communications & Public Affairs | Communications and Public Affairs</font><font size="3" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><u></u><u></u></font></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Tel: +254 20 4242000/284<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Office Mobile: +254 730 042284/<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"> +254 730172284<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">P.O. Box 14448 Nairobi 00800<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319Picture_x0020_8" src="" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/mail.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class="" style="width: 23px; max-width: 0px;"><u><a shape="rect" href="mailto:wambua@ca.go.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wambua@ca.go.ke</a> </u><a shape="rect" href="https://www.facebook.com/CAOKenya?ref=hl" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319Picture_x0020_6" border="0" src="" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/facebook.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class="" style="width: 22px; max-width: 0px;">Communications
Authority of Kenya</span></a><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><a shape="rect" href="https://twitter.com/CA_Kenya" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319Picture_x0020_5" border="0" src="" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/twitter.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class="" style="width: 22px; max-width: 0px;"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:windowtext;">ca_kenya </span></a><a shape="rect" href="http://www.ca.go.ke/" style="color:purple;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319Picture_x0020_4" border="0" src="" alt="Description: Description: http://digital.scanad.com/casignature/img/web.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class="" style="width: 23px; max-width: 0px;"></span><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:10pt;line-height:13px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">www.ca.go.ke </span></a></p>
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</span><div style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:11pt;text-align:left;color:black;BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;PADDING-BOTTOM:0in;PADDING-LEFT:0in;PADDING-RIGHT:0in;BORDER-TOP:#b5c4df 1pt solid;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none;PADDING-TOP:3pt;">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">From: </span>kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet-bounces+wambua=ca.go.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet-bounces+wambua=ca.go.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> on behalf of KICTAnet
Discussions <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Reply-To: </span>KICTAnet Discussions <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Date: </span>Wednesday, 24 April 2019 at 13:30<br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">To: </span>Christopher Wambua <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:wambua@ca.go.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wambua@ca.go.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Cc: </span>Kivuva <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:Kivuva@transworldafrica.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kivuva@transworldafrica.com</a>><br clear="none">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Subject: </span>Re: [kictanet] Online discussion on State of Broadband in Kenya<br clear="none">
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<div dir="ltr">This is such a healthy debate. Thanks for all the contributions. As I try to probe the individual contributors, one thing that is very clear is "digital inclusion is not that incusive in terms of cost and coverage". Perhaps, the regulator, and
service providers can pick that concern. It is not just in this forum where cost and coverage it is coming out. 2017 elections anyone? :-)
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<div>Let me start with Dr Robert Muthuri. On the metrics of coverage, the last time Communications Authority (CA) commented on the same question on this list, they said they use "land based and population based statistics for connectivity". Probably this needs
to come out clearly in a language that a government technocrat can understand. That way, when e-government services like Huduma services are made mandatory, the government can realize the challenges the citizenry go through to access government services yet
they don't have Internet access. I will just put Ali's quote here "<span style="font-family:georgia, serif;">Considering that most government services are now online how do we propose someone in Pokot, Wajir or Marsabit to use these services if someone in Nairobi
is finding it a major challenge to access the ecitizen portal? "</span></div>
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<div>Great question on the importance of Universal Service Fund (USF) so far in coverage. I hope the USF-board can answer this, or the secretariat at the CA. The last thing I remember is the President raiding the USF. This is what the President said "We have
agreed that in order to boost the Directorate of Criminal Investigations to deal with cybercrime, the Communications Authority - which has the Universal Service Fund through which they collect money and we do not know how they spend it...Sh1 billion from the
fund will be moved to the DCI ..."</div>
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<div>So you can imagine, if the President does not know what the USF is doing, what about the citizens?</div>
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<div>______________________
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail_signature" dir="ltr">
Mwendwa Kivuva, Nairobi, </div>
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, 24 Apr 2019 at 12:31, Robert Muthuri via kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
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<div dir="ltr">Thanks Kivuva,
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<div>Two questions a) what metrics do we currently have to measure coverage? b) What is the impact of the USF so far on coverage? <br clear="all">
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<div>Best,</div>
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<div>Robert. <br clear="none">
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, Apr 24, 2019 at 8:56 AM Josephine Miliza via kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
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<blockquote class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex;">
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_default">Thanks Kivuva for starting this discussion. Some of the barriers are</div>
<ul><li><span>Affordability - If we are looking to have people leverage on the internet for economic empowerment, the current data prices are quite expensive.
</span></li><li><span>Beyond access, we also need to look at the availability of locally relevant applications and content. For people without a disposable income to spend money on the internet, there needs to be a clear value
proposition as to why they should make that investment.</span></li></ul>
<div>
<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_default">I recommend investing in bottom-up models to close the infrastructure and connectivity gaps. These models are able to identify gaps and create targeted solutions that fit the needs of
their local communities. We also need to measure uptake and usage rather than just internet penetration.
<br clear="none">
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_default">We should also
<font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">create
strategies to encourage local businesses, especially in rural and underserved areas to adopt the use of ICTs. This can be done by harnessing the power of community-led initiatives to help spread interest and uptake.</span></font></div>
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, Apr 24, 2019 at 8:00 AM Grace Githaiga via kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
</div>
<blockquote class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex;">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);">
@Mercy I recently experienced 'the converging under a certain tree' make or receive a call in Nyandarua. Not too far from Thomson Falls. And I experienced the frustration as the signal was only on that particular tree. You would have thought we were in a meeting.
So I am with you on this inequality of our broadband. Until you experience it, then you really do not know what it means. </div>
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<div dir="ltr" id="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533divtagdefaultwrapper" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Grace Githaiga</b></span><br clear="none">
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Twitter: @ggithaiga</span><br clear="none">
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Skype: gracegithaiga</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Linkedin: <a shape="rect" class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533OWAAutoLink" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gracegithaiga" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/gracegithaiga</a></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br clear="none">
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">.<span style="color:rgb(0,111,201);"><i><span style="color:rgb(75,165,36);">.</span><span style="color:rgb(0,111,201);"><b>.</b></span></i></span><span style="color:rgb(0,111,201);"><b><i>the
most important office in a democracy is the citizen. So, you see, that’s what our democracy demands. It needs you!----Barrack Obama.</i></b></span></span><br clear="none">
</p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt;" face="Calibri,sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> kictanet <kictanet-bounces+ggithaiga=<a shape="rect" href="mailto:hotmail.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hotmail.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
on behalf of kanini mutemi via kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> 24 April 2019 8:32 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> <a shape="rect" href="mailto:ggithaiga@hotmail.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
ggithaiga@hotmail.com</a><br clear="none">
<b>Cc:</b> kanini mutemi<br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Online discussion on State of Broadband in Kenya</font>
<div> </div>
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<div>
<div>
<div>Morning Kivuva,</div>
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<div>Like many Kenyans, I love a double life (both urban and rural). While in Nairobi of course I get a good connection- even 4G when I feel rich. What I don’t like is the cost. Safaricom is my provider and though the speeds are satisfactory- I always
feel robbed. </div>
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<div>Now in my rural life, there really is no connection. Sometimes even shooting a text or making a phone call needs tree-climbing trees. So forget about a 4G connection or a Whatsapp message. FYI my county is quite near to Nairobi. Every time I
experience this it magnifies to me the kind of inequality ICT can cause. </div>
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<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_gmail_attr" dir="ltr">
On Tue, 23 Apr 2019 at 08:36, Mwendwa Kivuva via kictanet <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
</div>
<blockquote class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex;">
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<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
<span style="color:black;">Dear Listers,</span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
<span style="color:black;">As notified last week, we are conducting</span> an assessment on the state of play and impact of broadband in Kenya, broadly looking at the socio-economic impact on consumers, businesses and various sectors like agriculture, education,
healthcare, finance and government. </p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
<span style="color:black;">We are looking at real life examples of impact of broadband, challenges we face in increasing impact of broadband and recommendations on interventions needed to address the challenges identified. </span></p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
For this discussion, we define broadband as any fast internet. Fast enough to serve your intended purpose. We can have an extended definition through the discussion.</p>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
Some of the questions we should answer are:</p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-bottom:0in;list-style-position: inside;list-style-position: inside" type="1"><li class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:15px;color:black;">
What is the current state of broadband in Kenya? What is the current coverage of broadband in Kenya? Do you have broadband internet in your area? How affordable is the available broadband? </li><li class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:15px;color:black;">
What barriers are there in increasing impact of broadband in Kenya?</li><li class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:15px;color:black;">
What recommendations can counter the barriers identified in increasing impact of broadband?</li></ol>
<p class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_MsoNormal">
Looking forward to a grrat debate.</p>
<div>
<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_m_7920501749609172246m_3900781892709119473m_1517563918685365251gmail-m_-3706959649539042186m_-406314383802767005gmail_signature">
Sincerely,</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_m_7920501749609172246m_3900781892709119473m_1517563918685365251gmail_signature" dir="ltr">
______________________</div>
</div>
<div class="ydp554dbbd9yiv8916515889m_3492572585314498139m_-7546204633396659029m_6100020669798267319gmail-m_-3739186974772393292gmail-m_-7945831294551299230gmail-m_-8831681283265147600gmail-m_-7031435429009027533x_m_7920501749609172246m_3900781892709119473m_1517563918685365251gmail_signature" dir="ltr">
Mwendwa Kivuva</div>
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<div><span style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><b>Mercy Mutemi, Advocate</b>. <br clear="none">
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