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<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/netpolicy/2019/02/08/kenya-government-mandates-dna-linked-national-id-without-data-protection-law/">https://blog.mozilla.org/netpolicy/2019/02/08/kenya-government-mandates-dna-linked-national-id-without-data-protection-law/</a></div>
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<h1 class="entry-title"> Kenya Government mandates DNA-linked
national ID, without data protection law </h1>
<div class="entry-info">
<address class="vcard"> Alice Munyua </address>
<time class="date published"
datetime="2019-02-08T16:38:25+00:00">February 8, 2019</time>
<p class="entry-comments"> <a
href="https://blog.mozilla.org/netpolicy/2019/02/08/kenya-government-mandates-dna-linked-national-id-without-data-protection-law/#respond">No
responses yet</a> </p>
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<p>Last month, the Kenya Parliament passed a seriously
concerning <a
href="http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/AmendmentActs/2018/StatuteLawMischellaneousNo18of2018.pdf">amendment</a>
to the country’s national ID law, making Kenya home to the
most privacy-invasive national ID system in the world. The
rebranded, National Integrated Identity Management System
(NIIMS) now requires all Kenyans, immigrants, and refugees to
turn over their DNA, GPS coordinates of their residential
address, retina scans, iris pattern, voice waves, and earlobe
geometry before being issued critical identification
documents. NIIMS will consolidate information contained in
other government agency databases and generate a unique
identification number known as Huduma Namba.</p>
<p>It is hard to see how this system comports with the right to
privacy articulated in Article 31 of the Kenyan Constitution.
It is deeply troubling that these amendments passed without
public debate, and were approved even as a data protection
bill which would designate DNA and biometrics as sensitive
data is pending.</p>
<p>Before these amendments, in order to issue the National ID
Card (ID), the government only required name, date and place
of birth, place of residence, and postal address. The ID card
is a critical document that<a
href="https://www.khrc.or.ke/2015-03-04-10-37-01/blog/675-a-call-to-action-to-end-statelessness-in-kenya.html">
impacts everyday life,</a> without it, an individual cannot
vote, purchase property, access higher education, obtain
employment, access credit, or public health, among other
fundamental rights.</p>
<p>Mozilla strongly believes that that no digital ID system
should be implemented without strong privacy and data
protection legislation. The proposed Data Protection Bill of
2018 which Parliament is likely to consider next month, is a
strong and thorough framework that contains provisions
relating to data minimization as well as collection and
purpose limitation. If NIIMS is implemented, it will be in
conflict with these provisions, and more importantly in
conflict with Article 31 of the Constitution, which
specifically protects the right to privacy.</p>
<p><a
href="https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/analysis/ideas/Kenya-needs-unified-identity-registration/4259414-4846478-119h6iqz/index.html">Proponents</a>
of NIIMS claim that the system provides a number of benefits,
such as accurate delivery of government services. These
arguments also seem to conflate legal and digital identity.
Legal ID used to certify one’s identity through basic data
about one’s personhood (such as your name and the date and
place of your birth) is a commendable goal. It is one of the
United Nations Sustainable Development<a
href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/?Text=&Goal=16&Target=16.9">
Goals 16.9</a> that aims <i>“to provide legal identity for
all, including birth registration by 2030”</i>. However, it
is important to remember this objective can be met in several
ways. “Digital ID” systems, and especially those that involve
sensitive biometrics or DNA, are not a necessary means of
verifying identity, and in practice raise significant privacy
and security concerns. The choice of whether to opt for a
digital ID let alone a biometric ID therefore should be
closely scrutinized by governments in light of these risks,
rather than uncritically accepted as beneficial.</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Security Concerns: The centralized nature of NIIMS
creates massive security vulnerabilities. It could become
a honeypot for malicious actors and identity thieves who
can exploit other identifying information linked to stolen
biometric data. The amendment is unclear on how the
government will establish and institute strong security
measures required for the protection of such a sensitive
database. If there’s a breach, it’s not as if your DNA or
retina can be reset like a password or token.</b></li>
<li><b>Surveillance Concerns: By centralizing a tremendous
amount of sensitive data in a government database, NIIMS
creates an opportunity for mass surveillance by the State.
Not only is the collection of biometrics incredibly
invasive, but gathering this data combined with
transaction logs of where ID is used could substantially
reduce anonymity. This is all the more worrying
considering Kenya’s history of</b><a
href="https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/track_capture_final.pdf">
<b>extralegal surveillance and intelligence sharing</b></a><b>.</b></li>
<li><b>Ethnic Discrimination Concerns: The collection of DNA
is particularly concerning as this information can be used
to identify an individual’s ethnic identity. Given Kenya’s
history of </b><a
href="https://www.khrc.or.ke/publications/183-ethnicity-and-politicization-in-kenya/file.html"><b>politicization
of ethnic identity</b></a><b>, collecting this data in a
centralized database like NIIMS could reproduce and
exacerbate patterns of discrimination.</b></li>
</ul>
<p><b>The process was not constitutional</b></p>
<p>Kenya’s constitution requires public input before any new law
can be adopted. No public discussions were conducted for this
amendment. It was offered for parliamentary debate under “<i>Miscellaneous</i>”
amendments, which exempted it from procedures and scrutiny
that would have required introduction as a substantive bill
and corresponding public debate. The Kenyan government must
not implement this system without sufficient public debate and
meaningful engagement to determine how such a system should be
implemented if at all.</p>
<p>The proposed law does not provide people with the opportunity
to opt in or out of giving their sensitive and precise data.
The Constitution requires that all Kenyans be granted
identification. However, if an individual were to refuse to
turn over their DNA or other sensitive information to the
State, as they should have the right to do, they could risk
not being issued their identity or citizenship documents. Such
a denial would contravene Articles 12, 13, and 14 of the
Constitution.</p>
<p>Opting out of this system should not be used to discriminate
or exclude any individual from accessing essential public
services and exercising their fundamental rights.</p>
<p>Individuals must be in full control of their digital
identities with the right to object to processing and use and
withdraw consent. These aspects of control and choice are
essential to empowering individuals in the deployment of their
digital identities. Therefore policy and technical decisions
must take into account systems that allow individuals to
identify themselves rather than the system identifying them.</p>
<p>Mozilla urges the government of Kenya to suspend the
implementation of NIIMS and we hope Kenyan members of
parliament will act swiftly to pass the Data Protection Bill
of 2018.</p>
</div>
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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 23/01/2019 00:28, Gideon via
kictanet wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAP2ohHE4nDm1=WO1L71WkWg+Sm49x8DJaZ4oWsGQRwjT9Rx5zw@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Listers,</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Would
this be a similar system like the India's Aadhaar which is
said to be the world's largest biometric ID system? If so
what lessons and drawbacks could be learned?<br>
<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Many
issues would need to be addressed as a foundamental step,
such include privacy, ethics, security of the said system,
complementarity with the existing official databases e.t.c<br>
<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Regards<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">GR<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Jan 22, 2019 at
10:01 PM <<a
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moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet-request@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
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1. Re: <span class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"></span>
law to start listing of Kenyans? DNA (Warigia Bowman)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2019 12:58:59 -0600<br>
From: Warigia Bowman <<a
href="mailto:warigia@gmail.com" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">warigia@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: gertrude matata <<a
href="mailto:gertrudematata@yahoo.com" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">gertrudematata@yahoo.com</a>>,
KICTAnet ICT Policy<br>
Discussions <<a
href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [kictanet] law to start listing of Kenyans?
DNA<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a
href="mailto:CACeY99TvKOX13-RtN1gjCi_sh4AF8jdnEkJTNHD6WMrFR9Pogg@mail.gmail.com"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">CACeY99TvKOX13-RtN1gjCi_sh4AF8jdnEkJTNHD6WMrFR9Pogg@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
This is disturbing. I am quite sure that the US government
does not have<br>
the right to take DNA samples from citizens.<br>
<br>
Biometric data is not the same as DNA, rather it may
include fingerprints<br>
and eyescans. This is a move towards a surveillance state.<br>
<br>
On Tue, Jan 22, 2019 at 6:24 AM gertrude matata via
kictanet <<br>
<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
wrote:<br>
<br>
> Dear Listers,<br>
> The amendment to the Act seems to have ignored
Article 31(c) of the<br>
> Constitution. This being a constitutional issue,
there is probably a need<br>
> to subject it to constitutional interpretation on;<br>
> what was the intention of the article in providing
that such information<br>
> should not be unnecessarily required or revealed;<br>
> Whether such details being availed to persons
registry clerks is<br>
> defeating that intent;<br>
> and whether the circumstances demand the
"unnecessarily" revealed bar<br>
> to be lifted.<br>
> It is worthy to ponder the situation in terms
of whether giving<br>
> such information might not create inborn terror,<br>
><br>
> Regards,<br>
><br>
> Gertrude<br>
><br>
><br>
> GERTRUDE MATATA<br>
> HILLSIDE APARTMENTS<br>
> 4TH FLOOR, Apartments 11<br>
> RAGATI ROAD,Opposite N.H.I.F<br>
> NEAR CAPITOL HILL POLICE STATION<br>
> P.O. Box 517-00517<br>
> Nairobi<br>
> Mobile:0722-374109/0772327265<br>
><br>
> Go to; <a
href="https://themediatorkenya.wordpress.com/author/themediatorkenya/"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://themediatorkenya.wordpress.com/author/themediatorkenya/</a><br>
><br>
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> On Tuesday, January 22, 2019, 2:14:05 PM GMT+3,
Karanja Marigu via<br>
> kictanet <<a
href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
wrote:<br>
><br>
><br>
> This is a classical move that also was taken by USA
after 911. What do we<br>
> expect next? Marshal law??<br>
><br>
> Terrorism is not a justification to take away our
privacy rights and<br>
> collect data. What they will do with all that data,
only God knows.<br>
><br>
> Best Regards,<br>
><br>
> Karanja Marigu,<br>
><br>
> 'Purpose fuels passion'<br>
><br>
><br>
> On Tue, 22 Jan 2019 at 09:10, Magdalene Kariuki via
kictanet <<br>
> <a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
wrote:<br>
><br>
> Dear fellow listers,<br>
><br>
> Happy New Year (albeit late).<br>
><br>
> Thank you Grace for sharing this information.<br>
><br>
> Just a few concerns about privacy of persons and the
protection and use of<br>
> information.<br>
><br>
> While I appreciate and understand the need for
Government to address<br>
> issues relating to threats to security (assuming that
this is where the<br>
> need for such kind of information stems from), what
kind of guarantees are<br>
> there that ensure this information is not traded?
What kind of data<br>
> protection mechanisms are in place?<br>
> or have these concerns already been raised and
addressed in the new<br>
> legislation?<br>
><br>
> Regards,<br>
><br>
> Magdalene<br>
><br>
> On Mon, Jan 21, 2019 at 12:16 PM Grace Bomu via
kictanet <<br>
> <a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>>
wrote:<br>
><br>
> Full story here<br>
> <a
href="https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Uhuru-backs-law-change/3946234-4943254-s1fi2b/index.html"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Uhuru-backs-law-change/3946234-4943254-s1fi2b/index.html</a><br>
><br>
> Il giorno lun 21 gen 2019 alle ore 14:51 Grace Bomu
<<a href="mailto:nmutungu@gmail.com" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">nmutungu@gmail.com</a>><br>
> ha scritto:<br>
><br>
> Listers,<br>
><br>
> The government is now free to collect data on
Kenyans? DNA and physical<br>
> location of their homes including satellite details
during registration of<br>
> persons.<br>
><br>
> This follows President Uhuru Kenyatta?s approval of
amendments to the<br>
> Registration of Persons Act that has included the two
to the list of<br>
> requirements needed at the national people?s
registry.<br>
><br>
> Adults applying for documents such as IDs will be
required to provide<br>
> additional information about their location,
including land reference<br>
> number, plot number or house number.<br>
><br>
> The ministry is also seeking to introduce Global
Positioning System (GPS)<br>
> coordinates in the registration of persons, enabling
the tracking of their<br>
> location via satellite.<br>
><br>
><br>
> More here<br>
><br>
> --<br>
> Grace Mutung'u<br>
> Skype: gracebomu<br>
> @Bomu<br>
> PGP ID : 0x33A3450F<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> --<br>
> Grace Mutung'u<br>
> Skype: gracebomu<br>
> @Bomu<br>
> PGP ID : 0x33A3450F<br>
><br>
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The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT sector in support of the national aim of ICT enabled growth and development.
KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and bandwidth, share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy, do not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
</pre>
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