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<p>Dear Fadzai,</p>
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<p>Thank you for the insightful feedback. I like your point highlighting the importance of Media and Information Literacy. As Kenya is embarking on establishing a new curriculum, would it not be timely to see how media and information literacy can be incorporated
into the new school curriculum; working with KICD?</p>
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<div><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">______________________________________________</span></div>
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Jaco du Toit</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Adviser for Communication & Information</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">UNESCO Regional Office for Eastern Africa</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">United Nations </span><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Educational, Scientific and</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Cultural Organization</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">United Nations Avenue, UNON, Gigiri (Room 209)</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">P.O. Box 30592-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Tel.: +254 (0)20 762 2346/2566</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">Mobile: +254 (0) 728 610 912</span><br style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px">
<a href="https://mail.unesco.org/owa/redir.aspx?SURL=8n8Am4ntDMD2KlW6El-aTd1HGVvbELpIzW5eZz0c2w6cPvinvJTSCGgAdAB0AHAAOgAvAC8AdwB3AHcALgB1AG4AZQBzAGMAbwAuAG8AcgBnAC8AbgBlAHcALwBlAG4ALwBuAGEAaQByAG8AYgBpAA..&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.unesco.org%2fnew%2fen%2fnairobi" target="_blank" style="font-family:monospace; font-size:16px" id="LPNoLP">http://www.unesco.org/new/en/nairobi</a></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> kictanet <kictanet-bounces+j.dutoit=unesco.org@lists.kictanet.or.ke> on behalf of Fadzai Madzingira via kictanet <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 18 August 2017 19:00<br>
<b>To:</b> Du Toit, Jaco<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Fadzai Madzingira<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Talk to NCIC Day 3: Government Regulation of Fake News</font>
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<span style="">Dear List</span></p>
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<span style="">As many people on this list have already pointed out, false news is not a new problem. That said, Facebook takes fighting false information seriously because people want to see accurate information on Facebook. In light of that we have set </span></p>
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<span style="">These issues are complicated, and we want to be very careful. In a free society, there is not always a clear line between hoaxes, satire and opinion � and we want to ensure that people can share their opinions as was also so considerately highlighted
in conversations on Day 1 of these excellent discussions. At the same time, we are careful not to be the arbiters of truth and that as a platform, we are not overstepping. Getting it right will take time, we need to ensure that as we help people get the meaningful
information they want. </span></p>
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<span style="">We also want to de-incentivize the bad, by contesting<i> </i>fabricated and false news so that publishers can't extract value from people without providing value in return. This involves:</span></p>
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<b><span style="">Reducing Spam: </span></b><span style="">We're testing ways to make fake news less profitable for the people who spread it. Once a story is marked as disputed, ads directing people to that story will not be allowed. We will also work to reduce
publications masquerading as other publishers from running ads, and work to reduce ads that include links to web pages that are mostly ads<b>.</b></span></li><li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<b><span style="">Supporting informed sharing</span></b><span style="">: We�ve found that if reading an article makes people significantly less likely to share it, then it may be a sign that a headline and/or story has misled people in some way. We�re going
to test incorporating this signal into the ranking of news stories, specifically for articles that are outliers in that people who read the article are significantly less likely to share it.</span></li></ul>
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<span style="">We work hard to find the right balance between encouraging free expression and promoting a safe and welcoming community. This is all a work in progress. We'll keep exploring new ways to help the people who use Facebook connect meaningfully and
build common understanding. We understand how important the issue is for our community and we are committed to getting this right.</span></p>
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<span style="">In Kenya, we launched an in-app educational tool in English and Swahili that was shown to our users in Kenya which many of you may have seen. These notices were placed in newspapers and radio stations as well. We also had an in-app educational
tool to encourage users to report content that violated our Community Standards. We also understand the importance of the role of the media to inform our communities. We spent time training journalists in Nairobi on how best to use our tools to reach their
readers effectively. These included Nation Media and the Standard Group.</span></p>
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<span style="">As many others have also pointed out, we understand the importance of news media literacy and are actively working to partner locally and empower people to be informed consumers of news. This means that people know the right questions to ask
and how to vet valid news sources when they are consuming the news. We would love to continue having this conversation in Kenya and hear where we can support such programs.</span></p>
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<span style="">We take our responsibility very seriously and are encouraged by the conversation happening on this list. We take feedback very seriously and are following this discussion intently. Please do reach out to us with any questions.</span></p>
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<span style=""> Best</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fadzai Madzingira | Policy Analyst, Africa</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Africa Solutions Ltd @ Facebook</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(e) <a href="mailto:fmadzingira@fb.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color:#0563C1">fmadzingira@fb.com</span></a></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; color:black">kictanet <kictanet-bounces+fmadzingira=fb.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke> on behalf of Wambui Wambui via kictanet <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke><br>
<b>Reply-To: </b>KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, 18 August 2017 at 14:53<br>
<b>To: </b>Fadzai Madzingira <fmadzingira@fb.com><br>
<b>Cc: </b>Wambui Wambui <wwamunyu2009@gmail.com><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [kictanet] Talk to NCIC Day 3: Government Regulation of Fake News</span></p>
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This is an interesting discussion even from the perspective of history. When technologies are new, the potential to confuse or confound users are well documented. One classic example is from radio, when a dramatized fictional piece about an invasion from Mars
was aired on American radio in the late 1930s. Dramatic sound effects and other storytelling techniques via the new medium caused widespread panic. Today, audiences have a much greater understanding � and appreciation � for radio drama.</p>
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There are other examples from other technologies, such as laugh tracks on television which sound like audiences laughing at the jokes being said by a character. That is essentially �fake laughter,� but is designed to get real audiences to laugh along and engage
with the characters.</p>
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My point is that new technologies enable �fake� activities, but it is users who finally attain a literacy concerning those activities and learn how to deal with them. The big buzz about fake news has made many people a lot more conscious and skeptical of what
they consume or pass on via social media and other platforms. Various campaigns and organizations are turning fake news debunking into a new industry with multiple players reaching out to news media and academia to act as collaborative partners.
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As an academic, I think part of our job in our training institutions is to expose our students to:</p>
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being more critical/skeptical about what they consume on various media</p>
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being more responsible about what they share/forward in their own media networks</p>
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understanding that �media� no longer means a random big company out there with radio, TV, and print outlets. But instead �media� is all those, plus we ourselves.</p>
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That said, @Ali makes important points on regulation that I largely agree with. But I�d say even as we discuss regulation, there should be a discussion about responsibility.
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Many media houses subscribe to some form of social responsibility. Before calling someone a thief for example, they�ll claim to get the facts and even then, refer to the �alleged� crime leaving the justice system to declare whether someone is a thief or not.
Without those checks, the media would be engaging in defamation, which is a legal problem. </p>
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Perhaps before moving to add yet more laws and regulations to aspects of digital technologies, we should educate users/consumers more about greater responsibility in their online activities even as they are informed about legal penalties. </p>
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Wambui</p>
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On Fri, Aug 18, 2017 at 3:38 PM, Adam Lane via kictanet <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:</p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">Indeed, the issue of real-name social media accounts. Personally I support such a thing, but I am aware that others do not (i.e. they want to allow people to post anonymously in fear of retribution of posting something
that may be true but critical against someone powerful). There is a balance to be struck.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">But also, people who repeat/resend/republish should not do so unless they know the originator or trust it�s source. Unfortunately consumer education on this is very difficult (same for issues around responsible online
gambling etc) and whilst we should still look at effective ways to do that (massive newspaper, TV and radio headlines about the risk of being fined for spreading fake news may be effective!!), we may need to look at other options too.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> kictanet [mailto:<a href="mailto:kictanet-bounces%2Badam.lane" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">kictanet-bounces+adam.lane</a>=<a href="mailto:huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Brian Munyao Longwe via kictanet<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 18, 2017 3:30 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Adam Lane <<a href="mailto:adam.lane@huawei.com" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">adam.lane@huawei.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Brian Munyao Longwe <<a href="mailto:blongwe@gmail.com" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">blongwe@gmail.com</a>></span></p>
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<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Talk to NCIC Day 3: Government Regulation of Fake News</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US">Unfortunately the originators of fake news tend to use pseudonyms or fake identities to mask their true identities. IMHO these are the real culprits; people who repeat/resend/republish the fake news might actually have been duped into believing
that it is authentic. How then does one go about catching/pinpointing the bad guys/gals?</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US">On Fri, Aug 18, 2017 at 2:07 PM, Adam Lane via kictanet <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">I think that IF there is to be a civil crime/penalty for such an act there should be a distinction made between the creators of false, misleading or fictitious data and those who spread it (creating it should incur a
greater penalty than spreading it). </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">Certainly IF this is the case, then a deterrence for those spreading the news will ensure people do read, research and assess before spreading, and this is important. Too many people not only are not assessing such news
but are spreading it, and because others may trust them, the news is inherently trusted by the reader; whereas if the reader was sent the news from an unrelated person they would have more suspicion towards the news. Such a deterrence would be a good thing.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">IF this bill becomes an act, it will be interesting to see how it will be enforced. It would be fairly simple to set-up a reporting mechanism but harder to ensure fines are paid (though such fines would cover the costs
of any monitoring mechanism; it may be useful to have a set standard for fines to ensure prompt and fair action, just like traffic offenses).
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">The issue of real-name social media accounts, linking accounts to sim cards etc would be thorny; let alone the mechanisms to collect fines in such large numbers.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D">Is there a way that one does not need a fine, instead individuals may value their personal reputation enough to not forward fake news? If we constantly forward fake news (and if it is recognized as such at some point),
don�t we lose our social capital, and thus limit this behavior? Just like in the offline world� if we value our reputations?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> kictanet [mailto:<a href="mailto:kictanet-bounces%2Badam.lane" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">kictanet-bounces+adam.lane</a>=<a href="mailto:huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">huawei.com@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>kanini mutemi via kictanet<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 18, 2017 2:27 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Adam Lane <<a href="mailto:adam.lane@huawei.com" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">adam.lane@huawei.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> kanini mutemi <<a href="mailto:kaninimutemi@gmail.com" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">kaninimutemi@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Talk to NCIC Day 3: Government Regulation of Fake News</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">I have attached a copy of the
<b>Computer and Cybercrimes Bill, 2017 </b>published on 13th June, 2017. Clause 12 reads:</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">'A person who intentionally publishes false, misleading or fictitious data or misinforms with intent that the data shall be considered or acted upon as authentic, with or without any financial gain,
commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding five million shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or to both.'</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Is there a drawback to this approach?
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-- </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Mercy Mutemi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">.
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