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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Good idea – but unfortunately – which institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">There are many international courts in the Hauge for example, but I’m not sure that any of them deal with international human rights abuses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">For example, the ICC has a limited mandate dealing with crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It could be argued that the ITU may have the most power to act here – but its murky – and as I said – I’m no lawyer, so I’d love to hear the legal
thoughts on this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Andrew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> waudo siganga [mailto:emailsignet@mailcan.com]
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<b>Sent:</b> 25 May 2017 13:13<br>
<b>To:</b> Andrew Alston <Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com>; Andrew Alston via kictanet <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Anti-Shutdown Policy and Human Rights<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">How about a proposal to refer these people who abuse human rights to existing institutons like the Hague? Just a thought.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">W.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On Thu, May 25, 2017, at 12:42 PM, Andrew Alston wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Waudo,</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">As we have stated as the authors – we KNOW the punitive measures in the policy are flawed and draconian – and we don’t expect the policy to
pass in it’s current form. What we want from this policy is to generate more and more debate until we come up with ways that WILL work that don’t have the same level of collateral damage. The policy in the form it is in is meant to generate discussion and
debate to finding the real solution – and without putting anything in there – the debate would never have gotten to where it is now.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">So yes, we know the current policy is flawed – but we are hoping as time goes on and the debate rages that we will find solutions that will
have the same effect and these shutdowns will end.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Andrew</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> waudo siganga [<a href="mailto:emailsignet@mailcan.com">mailto:emailsignet@mailcan.com</a>]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 25 May 2017 12:39<br>
<b>To:</b> Andrew Alston <<a href="mailto:Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com">Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com</a>>; Andrew Alston via kictanet <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Anti-Shutdown Policy and Human Rights</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Thanks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FF6600">13.2 Entities to which this policy applies</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508msonormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">a.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt">
</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FF6600">The actions specified in section 13.3 shall apply to the government of the country in which the shutdown is occurring, and to any entities in which the state holds greater than
50% shareholding.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I am not really an expert on the intersection between human rights and technology so I can only make a general comment: if resources for government internet services are
denied is it not the ordinary citizen (the human who requires his/her rights to be observed) who suffers? Think e.g. of e-government services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Waudo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On Thu, May 25, 2017, at 11:00 AM, Andrew Alston wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Sure,</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The actual revised policy document can be found here:</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><a href="https://afrinic.net/en/community/policy-development/policy-proposals/2127-anti-shutdown-02">https://afrinic.net/en/community/policy-development/policy-proposals/2127-anti-shutdown-02</a></span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The human rights declaration that is referred to can be found here:</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><a href="http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/</a></span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thanks</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Andrew</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> waudo siganga [<a href="mailto:emailsignet@mailcan.com">mailto:emailsignet@mailcan.com</a>]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 25 May 2017 10:38<br>
<b>To:</b> Andrew Alston via kictanet <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Andrew Alston <<a href="mailto:Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com">Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [kictanet] Anti-Shutdown Policy and Human Rights</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Hi Andrew - could you share the document with Kictanet list? I personally have not seen it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">W.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On Thu, May 25, 2017, at 10:06 AM, Andrew Alston via kictanet wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">For me, in Art 12 the word "correspondence" should be replaced with "communication" which is wider and more encompassing, more so when it comes to protection of human rights and matters ICT;</span></i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Agreed on the above point, but we have to work with what we’ve got
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings">J</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Though it would be good to see the declaration of human rights updated to reflect this.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On Art 19 in my opinion, it should be indicated that you can exercise that freedom subject to your observance of the right of others to protection against unbridled publication of personal
opinions. In other words you cannot publish false and defamatory material against me in the name of exercising your freedom of expression/media.</span></i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Agreed – and this is covered in Article 29.3 – which is covered “In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by low solely
for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirement of mortality, public order and general welfare in a democratic society”</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On Art 20, the interpretation of the Higher German Court was right in my view. Assembling in the current era of IT advancements must be taken to encompass online assemblies. Indeed people are
daily "assembling" more on social media than physical assembling. </span></i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Again – agreed – though the debate about distributed denial of service is a tricky one – because it has collateral damage and if the denial of service were
to take place against a blogging site for example, it would run afoul of the clauses in Article 19.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Obviously I’m not a lawyer – but these are my interpretations, and I’d love to hear legal analysis on this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Andrew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">On 25 May 2017 08:07, "Andrew Alston via kictanet" <<a href="mailto:kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Hi All,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">As some of you may have seen – the latest draft of the anti-shutdown policy has been published on the AFRINIC lists.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">While once again, the authors need to draw attention to the fact that we know that the policy isn’t perfect – and we know that it still needs a lot of revision
before it can ever become reality, we still hope that the dialog created by the policy will continue to spur the debate until real solutions can be found. As we have said in other forums, we also believe that the timing is right for this debate, especially
since there are limited places on the continent where this debate could be held where the debate itself would not get instantly shut down – and Kenya is one of those places, since the Kenyan government has shown a willingness to dialog and discuss when compared
to certain other places.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">There are however some interesting parts in the new draft which I thought I’d elaborate on a little bit, specifically the fact that in the introduction paragraph,
we have opted to make reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. My thanks to the individuals who contributed and drew our attention to certain parts of this.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Specifically – I thought that for the sake of discussion, I’d point out certain things here and see what the rest of the KictaNet community thought about
the interpretation we are using when we apply these clauses to our thinking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">So, firstly, Article 12 reads “</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white">No one shall be subjected
to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white">Now, the most interesting part of that is where it reads “or correspondence”, because it can certainly be argued that
internet communication is a form of correspondence. Email, whatsapp, social media, all of them amount to methods of correspondence between individuals.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white">Then, moving to Article 19. “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom
to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”
</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white">Again, the Internet is a form of media – and by stating that individuals have the right of expression through any media,
this can be extrapolated to say that the removal of a form of media in an attempt to remove freedom of expression is a violation of the declaration of human rights.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white">Finally, moving to Article 20, specifically Article 20.1, it reads: “(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful
assembly and association.”</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">This is probably the most contentious assertion – can a virtual online meeting place be considered an assembly and hence protected under this right. I did
a fair amount of research into this and there is some very interesting case law about this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Specifically – In 2001, a guy called Andreas-Thomas Vogel ran a website in Germany that called for action against Lufthansa Airlines (basically denial of
service) – he was arrested on charges of coercion, and initially a lower court in Frankfurt found him guilty, primarily due to the economic losses suffered by Lufthana Airlines during the online campaign. However, on appeal, a higher court overturned this
ruling, stating that the online demonstration did not constitute a show of force, but was intended to the influence public opinion – effectively stating that online demonstrations were both a legitimate form of protest and real. Effectively, the attack that
was encouraged was viewed as a form of virtual sit-in against the airline. A Libertad spokesperson then went on to say “Althought it is virtual in nature, the Internet is still a real public space”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Now, obviously, that’s in Germany and not in a lot of other countries, indeed in the US, under the CPAA they have taken a completely opposite approach to
things like denial of service – however, it does raise an interesting question. If you can in fact have a virtual sit-in online – then it stands to reason that the right of peaceful assembly extends to the virtual world – and would include virtual assembly
on the Internet – and hence an internet shutdown would be a violation of Article 20.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I’d love to see more interpretations and debates on this issue though – and I’m hoping to see some debate on this at the PDP meeting on Nairobi on the 31<sup>st</sup>
– all of you are welcome at that PDP meeting by the way, at the Boma Hotel, starting at 9am and running through to 5:30pm where we will be debating a whole range of policies including the anti-shutdown policy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Hope to see you all there!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Andrew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="me26508me42672me29220msonormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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