Here is APC's response to the same: <br><a href="http://www.apc.org/en/news/access-internet-and-human-rights-thanks-vint">http://www.apc.org/en/news/access-internet-and-human-rights-thanks-vint</a><br><p>By J Liddicoat for APC</p>
<p><span class="locality">WELLINGTON</span>, New Zealand, 16 January 2012</p>
<p>13 January 2012</p>
<p>Dear Vint,</p>
<p>Thanks for the best possible start to 2012 for <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> rights advocates. Your New York Times column <a href="http://nyti.ms/AurHTE">Internet Access is Not a Human Right</a> sparked a lively debate about the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>,
access and human rights. In 2012 we will need this debate more than
ever before. While we will vigorously debate some of your points, your
call to action for the technical community to take responsibility for
human rights is incredibly timely.</p>
<p>Much of the discussion following your column has been about
definitions: what is a human right? What is a civil right? What is the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>? What is meant by access? No doubt there has even been some conceptual discussion about �what is a horse� :).</p>
<p>Conversation on various lists turned to the advantages and disadvantages of access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> as a human right, the implications (did this mean <acronym title="The APC Internet Rights Charter states that all people have the right to access to the internet. This requires government leadership, market engagement, and most importantly, citizen and civil society participation. Affordable, fast and easy access to the internet can help create more egalitarian societies. It can strengthen educational and health services, local business, public participation, access to information, good governance and poverty eradication. But we should not assume that all technological innovation is automatically beneficial. Civil society organisations (CSOs), governments and regulatory agencies should be aware of the internet�s potential to reinforce existing inequality. The right to internet access encompasses the right to access to infrastructure irrespective of where one lives; the right to the skills to use and shape the internet to meet one's needs; the right to interfaces, content and applications accessible to all; the right to equal access for men and women; the right to affordable access; the right to access in the workplace; the right to public access; and the right to access and create content that is culturally and linguistically diverse.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">internet access</acronym>
should be free?), limits on rights and freedoms, and positive and
negative rights. Discussions ranged across the centuries from Confucius
to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and across a wide range of
rights like <acronym title="Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j14-e--1">GenderIT.org</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">freedom of expression</acronym>, <acronym title="Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">"African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online"</a> (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), <a href="http://www.takebackthetech.net/techtips">Take Back the Tech!</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">privacy</acronym>, <acronym title="The right to freedom of information refers primarily to information held by the state. Freedom of information legislation establishes a legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, with a few narrowly defined exceptions (e.g. health or public safety). In many countries there are constitutional guarantees for the right of access to information, but these are ineffective without specific support legislation. APC believes that national and local governments, and publicly funded international organisations, must ensure transparency and accountability by placing publicly relevant information that they produce and manage in the public domain, in compatible, affordable, open and accessible formats.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_legislation">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="http://www.apc.org/node/5677#3">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>, and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/glossary/term/985">GenderIT.org glossary</a>. See also <a href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/300">access to information</a> in this glossary.">right to information</acronym>, access to knowledge, and freedom from discrimination.</p>
<p>Cross-regional discussion also followed: What do each of these
rights and concepts mean in different countries and regions? Are these
rights meaningful if they are not achieved in practice? <a href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2012/01/12/netizen-report-celebration/">Is access to the internet more important than access to water or food or medicine or freedom from torture?</a> And if not, can it be a human right? Some ranged into how human rights relate to governments and the implications for <acronym title="A very broad term that describes groupings of civil society, the private sector, the public sector, the media and other stakeholders that come together for a common purpose. It is often used with words like "partnership" and "consultation". In multi-stakeholder partnerships the partners have a shared
understanding that they play different roles and have different purposes, but that they can pursue
collective goals through collaboration and common activities to achieve such goals. These partnerships
are voluntary, with participation driven by the perceived benefits they may see emerging from the process. Such partnerships are increasingly being used to challenge and lobby for change in policy processes.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses multi-stakeholder with a hyphen between "multi" and "stakeholder".
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">Frequently Asked Questions
about Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in ICTs for Development: A guide for national ICT policy animators</a>">multi-stakeholder</acronym> processes.</p>
<p>Perhaps the discussions reveal more of what we do not know about human rights and their application to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>.
In this regard, I was delighted to see that both you and Frank La Rue,
the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, agree
that access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>
is not a human right, but an enabler of access to human rights
(although your article seemed to imply the Special Rapporteur said the
opposite). Instead, the Special Rapporteur was clear that in relation to
the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> our human rights apply, including our <acronym title="Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j14-e--1">GenderIT.org</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">freedom of expression</acronym>, <acronym title="Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">"African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online"</a> (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), <a href="http://www.takebackthetech.net/techtips">Take Back the Tech!</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">privacy</acronym> and freedom of association. He also said that governments have an obligation to facilitate access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>
and that such access has two aspects: access to infrastructure and
access to content. While your column focussed on the former, the current
debates in the United States of America for the Stop Online Piracy Act
and the Protect Intellectual Property Act tell us that access to content
on the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> is now a global issue. </p>
<p>So far many have shared your view that access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> is not a human right, and agree that access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>
facilitates a wide range of human rights, including civil and political
rights and freedoms. But many have also qualified this, noting that as
more and more governments (and corporations) require citizens to be
online for basic civic transactions (enrolling in schools, accessing <acronym title="A government is the organisation that is the governing authority of a political unit, the ruling power in a political society, and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: Clearly distinguish between "state" and "government" as these terms are often used interchangeably, but do not mean the same thing (see also the entry for <a href="
http://apcwww.gn.apc.org/en/glossary/term/354">"state"</a> in this glossary). As a general rule, "government" should not be capitalised.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government">Wikipedia</a>">government</acronym>
information, banking, filing tax returns, compiling health information,
and so on) interference with or denial of access becomes a human rights
issue.</p>
<p>At the Internet Governance Forum in Nairobi last year, <span class="caps">APC</span> held a pre-event on access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>. The conclusions of this event showed clearly that access to the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> is a multi-faceted concept including human rights, access to content, access to infrastructure, regulatory policies, <acronym title="Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">"African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online"</a> (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), <a href="http://www.takebackthetech.net/techtips">Take Back the Tech!</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">privacy</acronym>, <acronym title="Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">"African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online"</a> (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), <a href="http://www.takebackthetech.net/techtips">Take Back the Tech!</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">security</acronym> and more. In relation to �universal provision� we concluded that the best way to <a href="http://bit.ly/u0LZ5v">ensure universal, affordable access was to take a human rights approach</a> to <acronym title="A very broad term that describes groupings of civil society, the private sector, the public sector, the media and other stakeholders that come together for a common purpose. It is often used with words like "partnership" and "consultation". In multi-stakeholder partnerships the partners have a shared
understanding that they play different roles and have different purposes, but that they can pursue
collective goals through collaboration and common activities to achieve such goals. These partnerships
are voluntary, with participation driven by the perceived benefits they may see emerging from the process. Such partnerships are increasingly being used to challenge and lobby for change in policy processes.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses multi-stakeholder with a hyphen between "multi" and "stakeholder".
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">Frequently Asked Questions
about Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in ICTs for Development: A guide for national ICT policy animators</a>">multi-stakeholder</acronym> <acronym title="A working definition of internet governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the internet.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC always uses "internet" with a small "i".
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html">Tunis Agenda for the Information Society</a>">internet governance</acronym>. </p>
<p>You�ve helped to kick start 2012 with a healthy debate, the quality
and depth of which is moving beyond a simple �yes� �no� polemic, to a
richer, more nuanced and deeper discussion. While some of this will be
very familiar to those who shaped the <span class="caps"><acronym title="The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was a major international conference on information and communication technologies (ICTs) organised by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in two stages: Geneva in 2003 and Tunis in 2005. The summit process lasted for four years overall (2001 to 2005) and included a series of regional preparatory meetings � with all sectors represented � and global preparatory commissions led by governments. It produced four documents setting out aspirations for the information society (the Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action from Geneva and the Tunis Commitment and Tunis Agenda). APC was active in WSIS and supported the interventions of civil society organisations in the summit process, making a material difference to the outcomes of WSIS by enriching the debate thanks to civil society�s specific expertise and experience in ICTs.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: When using the acronym, do not use the definite article, i.e. write "at WSIS" rather than "at the WSIS".
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC ICT Policy Handbook</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Annual Report 2005</a>.">WSIS</acronym></span> and developed the <span class="caps">APC</span> <acronym title="First developed in 2001-2002 by APC members and partner organisations at Internet Rights workshops held in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa and updated in 2006, the APC Internet Rights Charter enshrines the rights of people and organisations to use the internet freely, particularly in their work for social, economic and environmental justice. The Charter refers specifically to the internet; however, these principles are relevant to all other information and communication technologies (ICTs), including telephone, radio, and others. The Charter was originally published in English, Spanish and French but it has now also been translated into other languages by the members of the APC national policy network, including more widely spoken languages such as Portuguese (sixth in the world), Bengali (seventh), Russian (eighth) and Urdu (twentieth) and multiple lesser-spoken languages such as Macedonian and Jju (a minority language in Nigeria).
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: The full version takes capital letters. For a shortened form use "the charter", in lower case.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC</a>
">Internet Rights Charter</acronym> and similar documents one thing is clear: The conversation about human rights and the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> is growing and the voices and views are getting more diverse.</p>
<p>This will be critically important in 2012 for many reasons including the upcoming Human Rights Council Panel on <acronym title="Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j14-e--1">GenderIT.org</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">freedom of expression</acronym> and the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>, the proposed one day United Nations discussion on �enhanced cooperation� in relation to critical <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> resources, and the consideration of <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>
related human rights issues in the Universal Periodic Reviews of
Ecuador, India, Brazil, South Africa, and the Philippines, to name a
few.</p>
<p>As to the distinction between civil rights and human rights:
international law is clear that civil rights are a subset of human
rights under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and related
instruments. But this distinction is probably about as interesting to
lay people as the distinction between <span class="caps">TCP</span> and IP � experts know what these mean, but to a lay person, all are just part of the overall system of shared protocols.</p>
<p>And this notion of shared protocols is why your call for engineers
and the technical community to take seriously their responsibility for
human rights should be strongly supported. In fact, we owe the current
openness of the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> to those in the technical community, including you, who hard-baked human rights into <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym> protocols and other core <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>
architecture. Thank you. We trust that that we will be able to rely on
this community to stand by their history as we face new challenges to
the openness of the <acronym title="A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.techsoup.org/tools/glossary.cfm?letter=i">TechSoup Glossary</a> and <a href="http://www.genderit.org/en/index.shtml?apc=j16-e--1">GenderIT.org</a>">internet</acronym>, such as that posed by <span class="caps">SOPA</span> and <span class="caps">PIPA</span> mentioned above.</p>
<p>We have called for the technical and engineering community to talk more with human rights advocates precisely for <a href="http://bit.ly/pi1Ttq">some of the reasons you mention</a>. And there is lots to talk about including <span class="caps">WHOIS</span> policy, IPv6, new technologies and <acronym title="Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: N/a
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">"African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online"</a> (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), <a href="http://www.takebackthetech.net/techtips">Take Back the Tech!</a> and <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>">privacy</acronym>,
and much more. But is there shared understanding between the technical
community and human rights advocates about human rights, about how these
relate to technical issues, or about the current challenges facing the
technical and engineering communities?</p>
<p>Let�s keep this important debate going throughout this year and
beyond. Join with us to bring the technical and human rights communities
together to discuss how we can take these ideas forward together. Human
rights need to be at the forefront of any technical or policy
discussion, which is why <a href="http://bit.ly/16YGYK">we have suggested that human rights be the main theme of the <span class="caps">IGF</span> in 2012</a>.</p>
<p>Joy Liddicoat<br>
for the <acronym title="The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) is an international network of civil society organisations dedicated to empowering and supporting groups and individuals working for peace, human rights, development and protection of the environment, through the strategic use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), including the internet.
<p><strong>Style information</strong>: Capital letters for Association, Progressive and Communications. "Communications" with an "s" at the end. We tend not to use the definite article with the acronym eg "APC is a worldwide network", and only occasionally "The APC is a worldwide network".
<p><strong>Source</strong>: <a href="http://www.apc.org">APC website</a>">Association for Progressive Communications</acronym></p><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">2012/1/10 Grace Mutung'u (Bomu) <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:nmutungu@gmail.com">nmutungu@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">and here's another rejoinder:<br>
<a href="http://deepdip.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/internet-access-as-human-right-mr-cerf-shoots-himself-in-the-foot/" target="_blank">deepdip.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/internet-access-as-human-right-mr-cerf-shoots-himself-in-the-foot/</a><br>
Does the technology tail wag<br>
the human rights dog?<br>
In his recent op-ed in the NYT [1] Mr. CERF has argued<br>
that �internet access� is not a �human right� � though<br>
possibly a �civil right� � because �a technology is an<br>
enabler of rights, not a right itself�.<br>
His argumentation is catchy, but muddles the issues;<br>
Mr. CERF, it seems to me, ends up shooting himself in<br>
the foot.<br>
When he states: �the US never decreed that everyone<br>
has a �right� to a telephone�, he means �universal<br>
service� � a telephone line strung to each and every<br>
door, or country- wide total network coverage for every<br>
citizen. Indeed, there is no right to total (or free)<br>
coverage - just as �freedom of the press� does not<br>
entitle every citizen to a free copy of the NYT every<br>
morning at her doorstep.<br>
When he states that �freedom of access� should<br>
ensure �freedom of speech etc.� he refers to the<br>
political conditions under which people who have<br>
access to communication media are entitled to<br>
communicate among each other: free of government<br>
interference. This personal right is e.g. enshrined in<br>
the First Amendment to the US Constitution.<br>
�Freedom of speech� is an abstract right. Its exercise<br>
necessarily relies on technologies: from the human<br>
voice to paper, radio and so on � and must apply<br>
automatically to all supports through which it is<br>
exercised � internet being the latest (but certainly not<br>
the last) kid on the block. When radio or TV emerged<br>
in the US no one seriously argued that the �right to<br>
free speech� as enshrined in the First Amendment did<br>
not apply to them �because they were only an<br>
enabler� . As long as content and support are<br>
inextricably wedded (and control of the content would<br>
be through the support) Mr. CERF�s argument<br>
�technology is an enabler of rights, not a right itself� is<br>
spurious.<br>
The UN Declaration on Human Rights (UNDHR )[2] and<br>
the European Convention on Human Rights[3] are<br>
clear on the fact that the abstract right is embedded<br>
in the technologies.<br>
Mr. CERF goes on to make a distinction between<br>
�human right� and �civil right�. He likes �civil rights�<br>
better than �human rights� . He argues: �Civil rights are<br>
<div class="im">different from human rights because they are<br>
conferred upon us by law, not intrinsic to us as human<br>
</div>beings.�<br>
By the same logic, Mr. CERF would reject the US<br>
Declaration of Independence, where it states: �We<br>
hold these truths to be self-evident , that all men are<br>
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator<br>
with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are<br>
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness� � for its<br>
character is �self-evident � and universal. He would<br>
however endorse the Bill of Rights as positive law.<br>
�Human rights� are not self-executing : they represent<br>
legitimate aspirations � not obligations. Their role is to<br>
provide universal legitimacy for these aspirations. No<br>
government may be exonerated from addressing the<br>
moral obligation on grounds of cultural<br>
�exceptionalism� � cultural or otherwise; and it would<br>
have to justify to public opinion world-wide any<br>
curtailment of the aspiration.<br>
On the other hand each state ought to strive and<br>
concretize such aspirations through appropriate legal<br>
means, if and when politically and materially possible.<br>
This is not always the case, as US history retells. The<br>
Bill of Rights enshrines personal and political rights.<br>
Exercising such rights effectively presupposes<br>
economic independence � President Jefferson saw it<br>
that way already, when he hailed �free yeomanry� as<br>
the basis of the Republic. President F. D. Roosevelt<br>
proposed in 1944 that a �Second Bill of Rights� be<br>
passed to make the broad aspiration of economic<br>
rights secure in law. He did not succeed [4] . There is<br>
no �civil right� to hold a job today, though we may hold<br>
a universal aspiration that all have one, and Art. 22-25<br>
of UNDHR stipulate such �rights� .<br>
Would Mr. CERF really be ready to trade the universal<br>
aspiration to politically unfettered �internet access� for<br>
a commitment to equivalent enforceable and<br>
judiciable civil rights in this matter?<br>
<div><div></div><div class="h5"><br>
On 09/01/2012, Victor Kapiyo <<a href="mailto:vkapiyo@gmail.com">vkapiyo@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
> True McTim, the GA hasn't declared it as such yet. But the report (see:<br>
> <a href="http://documents.latimes.com/un-report-internet-rights/" target="_blank">http://documents.latimes.com/un-report-internet-rights/</a>) by the<br>
> special rapporteur as presented to the GA is without doubt persuasive<br>
> authority on the subject and will (if not already) influence the treatment<br>
> by states of internet access. And as you rightly point out, many states<br>
> have already taken some positive steps.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> On 9 January 2012 11:16, McTim <<a href="mailto:dogwallah@gmail.com">dogwallah@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
><br>
>> Hi Victor,<br>
>><br>
>> On Mon, Jan 9, 2012 at 11:07 AM, Victor Kapiyo <<a href="mailto:vkapiyo@gmail.com">vkapiyo@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
>> > I would agree with Grace and disagree with Cerf to some extent.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > I think the internet has become an essential component of the human<br>
>> > condition, and perhaps that would explain the reasoning of the UN in<br>
>> > declaring access to the internet a human right.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> I don't believe that the UN has actually declared this a human right.<br>
>> Various Member States have passed laws declaring this, but the General<br>
>> Assembly of the UN has not (yet) to my knowledge actually enshrined<br>
>> Internet access as s human right.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> --<br>
>> Cheers,<br>
>><br>
>> McTim<br>
>> "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A<br>
>> route indicates how we get there." �Jon Postel<br>
>><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> --<br>
> Victor Kapiyo, LL.B<br>
><br>
> ====================================================<br>
</div></div>> *�Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your altitude� Zig Ziglar<br>
<div><div></div><div class="h5">> *<br>
><br>
<br>
<br>
--<br>
Grace L.N. Mutung'u (Bomu)<br>
Kenya<br>
Skype: gracebomu<br>
Twitter: GraceMutung'u (Bomu)<br>
</div></div></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Grace L.N. Mutung'u (Bomu)<br>Kenya<br>Skype: gracebomu<br>Twitter: GraceMutung'u (Bomu)<br><br>