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I don't think it was GOK's intention to shut down the internet or
mobile services but in our case the circumstances were quite
different<span class="moz-smiley-s2"><span> :-( </span></span>.
There was widespread use of both internet and mobile phones for
peace, crowdosurcing human rights violations, as well as for fueling
the conflict.<br>
It is quite clear for Kenya that the role of of "networked public"
was for both promoting both “predatory behavior such as
ethnic-based mob violence as well as civic behavior such as
journalism and human rights campaigns.”<br>
What is important is that the government would need to provide by
clear and precise laws, which I think are still not adequately
articulated in any of our laws, but KK can correct me here.<br>
<br>
best<br>
Alice<br>
<br>
<blockquote
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<div dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2">Reminds
me of our dark days Dec 2007/Jan-Feb 2008 - was Kenya also
contemplating the same for both Internet and mobile?</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">what protects civil
rights under such circumstances?</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Edith</font></div>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31,
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</span></span></b><span style="color: black;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
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Ofwona Adera</font> </span></b><span
style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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Program Specialist
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international<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
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<hr tabindex="-1">
<font face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:kictanet-bounces+eadera=idrc.or.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet-bounces+eadera=idrc.or.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:kictanet-bounces+eadera=idrc.or.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke">kictanet-bounces+eadera=idrc.or.ke@lists.kictanet.or.ke</a>] On
Behalf Of Alice Munyua [<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:alice@apc.org">alice@apc.org</a>]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 01 February 2011 09:44<br>
<b>To:</b> Edith Adera<br>
<b>Cc:</b> KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [kictanet] ICANN report on DNS in Egypt<br>
</font><br>
</div>
<div>
<div class="headline_area">Hi GG and all <br>
<br>
<br>
Events in Egypt must have slowed down the discussions on our
media council bill and I apologize for diverting you again.<br>
It is worrying that a government can shut down the internet.
There are permissible limitations/restrictions on expression
and communication contained in International laws, however
these are for narrow circumstances defined in, for example the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, where
National security and pubic order is included, but it should
not be used as an excuse. Governments should ensure that the
limitations of restrictions are provided for by clear and
precise laws that demonstrate necessity to meet the specific
purpose. <br>
<br>
Anyway, Google has since introduced a speak to tweet service
for people in Egypt and see below a report by ICANN on DNS:
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/31/twitter-by-phone-egypt/"
target="_blank">
http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/31/twitter-by-phone-egypt/</a>
<span></span><br>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://blog.icann.org/2011/01/status-report-on-the-dns-in-egypt/Status"
target="_blank">http://blog.icann.org/2011/01/status-report-on-the-dns-in-egypt/Status</a>
<br>
</h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">Report on the DNS in Egypt</h1>
</div>
<div class="format_text entry-content">
<p>Along with the entire global Internet community, ICANN is
watching the events unfolding in Egypt with great concern
for the safety of the people of Egypt and for their ability
to use the Internet. On January 27, most Internet
connectivity to Egypt was shut down, apparently on the
instruction of the national government. This has led to the
inaccessibility of the main domain name system (DNS) server
of the Egyptian ccTLD (.eg).</p>
<p>Egypt’s top-level domain .eg is operated by the Egyptian
Universities Network (EUN) (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eg.html"
target="_blank">http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eg.html</a>).
The Arabic script top-level domain .masr (ăŐŃ,
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--wgbh1c.html"
target="_blank">http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--wgbh1c.html</a>)
is operated by the National Telecommunication Regulatory
Authority of Egypt (NTRA) (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--wgbh1c.html"
target="_blank">http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--wgbh1c.html</a>).</p>
<p>The primary servers they operate have been inaccessible to
those outside of Egypt since January 27. Secondary DNS
servers for .eg, located in Austria and the United States,
have continued to function with data provided before the
shutdown.</p>
<p>The .ăŐŃ DNS servers are exclusively in Egypt and there do
not appear to be any secondary DNS servers outside the
country. This means that service to sites served by this
top-level domain are unreachable by the rest of the world.</p>
<p>Secondary servers copy their data from the primary server
at regular intervals. Data in the secondary DNS servers,
serving anyone in the world wishing to receive .eg DNS
services, have an expiration date. Secondary servers require
regular updating from the primary server at specified
intervals – called “time to live” (TTL) – and that time is
set to expire in 140 days.</p>
<p>Normally when primary servers fail – for example, following
the earthquake in Haiti – the operator wants secondary
servers to continue operating with the last zone file they
had provided. This allows users around the world to connect
to functioning servers in their zone.</p>
<p>ICANN’s Manager for Regional Relations for the Middle East
has been communicating with both TLD operators, EUN and
NTRA. The operators of .eg have communicated with ICANN and
through ICANN are communicating with the secondary operators
outside the country. They have requested that the secondary
operators continue using the existing zone files past their
time to live timeframes, if necessary.</p>
<p>This experience offers a number of lessons, among them that
a policy to encourage the establishment of secondary servers
to promote continuity of service as well as DNS stability
could be useful and in the global public interest. ICANN
will ask the ccNSO to consider proposing a policy to address
this type of situation.</p>
<p>ICANN helps to ensure a secure and stable global Internet
through its coordination of the domain name system, and is
the global policy development body for the DNS and related
matters. More than 100 ccTLD operators are voluntary members
of the Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO), a
formal ICANN policy and coordination body.</p>
<br>
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