<div dir="ltr">Alex,<br><br>The term is not "announcing" it is known as "peering" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering</a> which is defined as <br>"<br>
is voluntary interconnection of administratively separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_network" title="Data network" class="mw-redirect">networks</a>
for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each
network. The pure definition of peering is settlement-free or "sender
keeps all," meaning that neither party pays the other for the exchanged
traffic, instead, each derives revenue from its own customers.<br>"<br><br>Underlying the ability to peer is the ability to access affordable infrastructure, otherwise most operators settle for transit arrangements where the inherent costs of the underlying transport is too high.<br>
<br>Regards,<br><br>Brian<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Aug 13, 2008 at 9:47 PM, Gakuru, Alex <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:alexgakuru.lists@gmail.com">alexgakuru.lists@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Alongside we should also consider the IXP concept where ISPs mutually<br>
accept one another traffic without international transit (the concept<br>
is called "announcing"). Simply put, such traffic never incurs<br>
international transit costs. Question: Should this "part" of internet<br>
cost consumers the same as costly international satellite? This<br>
becomes more apparent when a lot of popular sites get locally hosted,<br>
and for example where local content woes and comprises most traffic.<br>
<br>
Besides that, East (and all of) Africa should embrace solutions that<br>
"keep Africa traffic in Africa" such as RASCOM 1 - the satellite now<br>
in space that was designed by Kenya's own Engineer James Rege;)<br>
potentially saving Africa a sizable chunk of the US$ 800 million<br>
annual spending on transit traffic. Also more local and regional IXPs<br>
would assist (and less NATs please)<br>
<br>
Network neutrality is a very hot one I dare not touch much except<br>
affirm that whatever obstructs "the end-to-end<br>
principle"<<a href="http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.txt" target="_blank">http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.txt</a>><br>
should be removed from the network. They include privacy invading<br>
techniques known as Deep Packet Inspection (or<br>
DPI).<<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection</a>> Trust me to<br>
sneak in consumer issues;) But it is an important aspect when<br>
determining through whom your traffic passes.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
<br>
Alex<br>
<div><div></div><div class="Wj3C7c"><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On Wed, Aug 13, 2008 at 5:04 PM, mwende njiraini<br>
<<a href="mailto:mwende.njiraini@gmail.com">mwende.njiraini@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
> In traditional telephony call termination revenues are shared between<br>
> operators and are based on negotiated interconnection rates, in a regulated<br>
> environment, rather than the size and number of subscribers on the network.<br>
> (I stand to be corrected) Developing countries for a long time have<br>
> benefited from revenues generated from this international settlement<br>
> scheme. However, these revenues are rapidly being eroded by VoIP, which is<br>
> encouraged by 'loosely regulated' flat rate pricing of internet bandwidth.<br>
> The issue internet interconnection is based on the fact that international<br>
> ISPs have no incentive to enter shared-cost peering with ISPs developing<br>
> countries thus forcing them to incur the full cost of transmitting<br>
> international traffic. What incentives need to be put in place to encourage<br>
> shared-cost peering? Content development?<br>
><br>
><br>
> There is raging debate on "network neutrality"; with network operators<br>
> seeking to price network access on the basis of utilization in a bid to<br>
> manage network congestion. In the US, for example the recent Comcast case<br>
> has resulted in the regulator, FCC, ruling that Comcast 'discriminatory'<br>
> network management practices were illegal. To overcome the challenge of<br>
> network congestion several proposals have been made including the<br>
> introduction of bandwidth metered services. Vint Cerf, Google's chief<br>
> internet evangelist, has proposed that ISPs should "introduce transmission<br>
> caps allowing users to purchase access to the Internet at a given minimum<br>
> data rate, which would be guaranteed even during times of congestion." Net<br>
> neutrality is definitely an issue we may need to consider with reference to<br>
> the current developments in national and international fibre optic<br>
> projects.<br>
><br>
> References:<br>
><br>
> <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10007079-93.html" target="_blank">http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10007079-93.html</a><br>
><br>
> Regards<br>
><br>
> Mwende<br>
><br>
> Disclaimer: Comments are author's own.<br>
><br>
> On 8/13/08, John Walubengo <<a href="mailto:jwalu@yahoo.com">jwalu@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br>
>><br>
>> Plse feel free to belatedly contribute on Day 1 or 2 themes, jst remember<br>
>> to pick the correct subject line. Meanwhile today we should discuss one of<br>
>> IG issues that touch squarely on the retail cost of Internet Service in<br>
>> developing countries- the Internet Interconnection Charges (IIC, in short)<br>
>><br>
>> This issue is fairly complex and explosive but we could try and understand<br>
>> if we used a simplified model for Mobile Phone Interconnection Charges and<br>
>> Relationships. Consider mobile phone company, X with 8million customers and<br>
>> mobile phone company, Y with 2 million customers. Each company is supposed<br>
>> to compensate (pay) the other for terminating calls originating from the<br>
>> other. In such a relationship, the bigger company X, can chose to dictate<br>
>> how much the smaller company, Y pays it to terminate the 'Y' calls to its<br>
>> bigger 'X' network/customers.<br>
>><br>
>> This is losely similar to what is called Transit relationship on the<br>
>> Internet. The big internet networks (Tier 1 and 2 Internet Backbone<br>
>> Providers) in US/Europe get to dictate how much the smaller networks in<br>
>> developing countries need to pay in order to terminate their internet<br>
>> requests for email, web, dns, voip and other services into their Network.<br>
>> Even our much celebrated TEAMS, EASsy and other projects cannot escape these<br>
>> Transit Interconnection Costs. Ofcourse if you do not like their<br>
>> Interconnection Charges you are free to take a walk into nowhere (read: stay<br>
>> offline).<br>
>><br>
>> Another relationship does exist, the Peer-to-Peer relationship which is<br>
>> equivalent to Mobile phone company Y and company X both having equal or<br>
>> similar number of customers/value e.g. 5million each. In such a<br>
>> relationship, the two Internet Backbone/Service providers chose NOT to<br>
>> charge each other anything. Traffic between the two is exchanged<br>
>> reciprically for free but below each of this big Networks are the smaller<br>
>> networks (read African networks), that must pay Transit Charges. Put<br>
>> bluntly, Africa and other developing countries are subsidizing Internet<br>
>> Costs for the rich nations in the North.<br>
>><br>
>> Many studies have been carried out to get us out of this fix such as the<br>
>> Halfway-propositions, the ICAIS, etc but todate the status quo remains. The<br>
>> standard response has remained 'If it current interconnection models are<br>
>> working, why should you try and fix them?'<br>
>><br>
>> 1 day for comments, corrections and/or proposals on this theme.<br>
>><br>
>> walu.<br>
>><br>
>> Ref: for some of the Studies:<br>
>> International Charging Arrangements for Internet Services, Module I,<br>
>> ICAIS, p.3<br>
>> <a href="http://www.tmdenton.com/pub/reports/icais_mod1_ch1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.tmdenton.com/pub/reports/icais_mod1_ch1.pdf</a><br>
>><br>
>> The Half-Way Proposition.<br>
>> <a href="http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/back/balancing-act_130.html" target="_blank">http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/back/balancing-act_130.html</a><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
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</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Brian Munyao Longwe<br>e-mail: <a href="mailto:blongwe@gmail.com">blongwe@gmail.com</a><br>cell: + 254 722 518 744<br>blog : <a href="http://zinjlog.blogspot.com">http://zinjlog.blogspot.com</a><br>
meta-blog: <a href="http://mashilingi.blogspot.com">http://mashilingi.blogspot.com</a><br>
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