[kictanet] Death of landlines
Warigia Bowman
warigia at gmail.com
Sat Jul 21 11:35:09 EAT 2012
Yes, I agree. Landlines can run over fiber, so the discussion of copper
seems to be besides the point. (?!) am I wrong?
On Sat, Jul 21, 2012 at 2:35 AM, Angela Nganga- Mumo <
anganga at orange-tkl.co.ke> wrote:
> Dear Listers,
>
> It is indeed true that our copper fixed line continues to be affected due
> to vandalism and sabotage. But we continuosly make efforts to not only
> repair the lines as quickly as possible but also to put in place new
> measures to reduce the impact using fibre rings and other wireless
> solutions.
>
> Its our sincere hope that now the legal framework is in place to have
> stiffer penalties for convicted vandals that the incidences will minimise.
>
> As Lordmwesh indicates below we also offer redundancy through wireless at
> no extra cost for all post paid customers. More details on this can be
> obtained from your account manager or at any of our shops.
>
> On the issue of waiting lists this ordinarily shouldn't be the case for
> areas with infrastructure you can get a landline in 5 working days
> including the survey. Ali Hussein please contact me with the specific case
> for further assistance.
>
> Its also important to mention, if you allow me, that all faults need to be
> reported to customercare there are still many customers who contact the
> technician they know or visit an exchange which means the reports aren't
> easy to track leading to delays in repair.
>
> We look forward to being of continued service.
>
> Regards
>
> Angela Nganga - Mumo
> Chief Corporate Communications Officer
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: kictanet-request at lists.kictanet.or.ke [mailto:
> kictanet-request at lists.kictanet.or.ke]
> Sent: Saturday, July 21, 2012 09:45 AM
> To: Angela Nganga- Mumo
> Subject: kictanet Digest, Vol 62, Issue 81
>
> Send kictanet mailing list submissions to
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> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: [ISOC_KE] How Safaricom Steals Your Internet Bundle
> (Ali Hussein)
> 2. Re: The Death of Landlines? (Ali Hussein)
> 3. Re: The Death of Landlines? (Kivuva)
> 4. Re: The Death of Landlines? (Dorcas Muthoni)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 08:38:10 +0300
> From: Ali Hussein <ali at hussein.me.ke>
> To: Grace Githaiga <ggithaiga at hotmail.com>
> Cc: "kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke" <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>,
> isoc at orion.my.co.ke
> Subject: Re: [kictanet] [ISOC_KE] How Safaricom Steals Your Internet
> Bundle
> Message-ID:
> <CAPjmBy0B5Cn5OFC=
> S9YFTz06hxStgdOwX0fzPv+WiOReCBpebA at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> Grace
>
> The question is: What is the regulator doing about this?
>
> Ali Hussein
>
> On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 11:29 PM, Grace Githaiga <ggithaiga at hotmail.com
> >wrote:
>
> >
> > 99% of Kenya?s 6.5m <http://cck.go.ke/news/2012/Mobile_Subscribers.html>
> internet
> > users access it via mobile, of which Safaricom owns 77% marketshare.
> >
> > In Kenya, when you buy a 1.5Gb internet bundle from Safaricom you pay
> > 1000ksh (~$12). You?ve paid for the data, and there is no additional cost
> > to Safaricom if you were to use that data today or a year from now. The
> > whole concept of data bundle expiry is ridiculous, as noted by Safaricom
> > CEO Bob Collymore when he visited the iHub:
> >
> > ?When you go into a petrol station and fill up your car, does the owner
> of
> > the petrol station tell you to bring it back on Wednesday to take back
> > what?s left in the vehicle? Of course not. So I ask, why the hell are we
> > doing that??
> >
> >
> > Read on
> >
> >
> http://whiteafrican.com/2012/07/18/how-safaricom-steals-your-internet-bundle/
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > isoc mailing list
> > isoc at orion.my.co.ke
> > http://orion.my.co.ke/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/isoc
> >
> >
>
>
> --
>
> *Ali Hussein|Managing Partner*
>
> *
> *Telemedia Africa
> Azania Technology Group
>
> Chaka Court, Argwings Kodhek Road
>
> P O Box 14556-00100
>
> Office: +254 737 751409
>
> Cell: +254 773/713 601113
>
> *Nairobi, Kenya*
>
>
>
>
>
> Twitter: @AliHKassim
>
> Skype: abu-jomo
>
>
> "You generally hear that what a man doesn't know doesn't hurt him, but in
> business what a man doesn't know does hurt.". - E. St. Elmo Lewis, member,
> Advertising Hall of Fame
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 08:39:48 +0300
> From: Ali Hussein <ali at hussein.me.ke>
> To: Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke>
> Cc: KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>
> Subject: Re: [kictanet] The Death of Landlines?
> Message-ID:
> <
> CAPjmBy2fwayqgoz10aJOzPQQuggecyiMveRCSLiVG5_tFVHgyA at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> Edith
>
> Try getting a new landline...Apparently there are still waiting lists!!!
>
> Ali Hussein
>
> On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 4:51 PM, Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke> wrote:
>
> > Lister?s****
> >
> > ** **
> >
> > Does anyone know what?s going on at?is it Orange Telkom or Telkom Kenya?
> > about landlines. When corporate lines go down it seems they are not being
> > repaired, is this a sign of the ?death of landlines??****
> >
> > ** **
> >
> > Seriously need to understand what is going on?****
> >
> > ** **
> >
> > Edith****
> >
> > *??________________*
> >
> > *Edith Ofwona Adera*
> >
> > Senior Program Specialist ****
> >
> > Climate Change and Water Program****
> >
> > Agriculture and Environment ****
> >
> > International Development Research Centre ****
> >
> > Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa ****
> >
> > Liason House 2nd floor, State House Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya****
> >
> > +254-20-2713160/1 | Fax: +254-20-2711063 | Mobile: +254-733-624345****
> >
> > eadera at idrc.ca | www.idrc.ca | www.crdi.ca****
> >
> > ** **
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > kictanet mailing list
> > kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke
> > https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/listinfo/kictanet
> >
> > Unsubscribe or change your options at
> >
> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/options/kictanet/info%40alyhussein.com
> >
> > The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform
> > for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and
> > regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT
> > sector in support of the national aim of ICT enabled growth and
> development.
> >
> > KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors
> > online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and
> bandwidth,
> > share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy, do
> > not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
> >
>
>
>
> --
>
> *Ali Hussein|Managing Partner*
>
> *
> *Telemedia Africa
> Azania Technology Group
>
> Chaka Court, Argwings Kodhek Road
>
> P O Box 14556-00100
>
> Office: +254 737 751409
>
> Cell: +254 773/713 601113
>
> *Nairobi, Kenya*
>
>
>
>
>
> Twitter: @AliHKassim
>
> Skype: abu-jomo
>
>
> "You generally hear that what a man doesn't know doesn't hurt him, but in
> business what a man doesn't know does hurt.". - E. St. Elmo Lewis, member,
> Advertising Hall of Fame
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 09:18:24 +0300
> From: Kivuva <Kivuva at transworldafrica.com>
> Cc: KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>
> Subject: Re: [kictanet] The Death of Landlines?
> Message-ID:
> <CAEhPqwrd9fdzY-=
> A7-Md3aGLfBSLiQqHYsFa+pKo7oSd6b2Uiw at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252
>
> Phillip Adar has put it sanctily as it is. Cable vandalism has done
> TKL in. This is the point the late Minister Michuki (may he rest in
> peace), used to say "shoot on sight".
>
> In my company, I had 8 landlines, but currently, none is working, but
> Orange engineers are always on sight pulling more underground copper,
> but as Adar has put it, before a week is over, the cable is fished
> out.
>
> The solution that worked for me is to get CDMA headsets where my
> landlines are redirected when copper service is unavailable.
>
> --
> Lordmwesh
>
> On 21/07/2012, Ali Hussein <ali at hussein.me.ke> wrote:
> > Edith
> >
> > Try getting a new landline...Apparently there are still waiting lists!!!
> >
> > Ali Hussein
> >
> > On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 4:51 PM, Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke> wrote:
> >
> >> Lister?s****
> >>
> >> ** **
> >>
> >> Does anyone know what?s going on at?is it Orange Telkom or Telkom Kenya?
> >> about landlines. When corporate lines go down it seems they are not
> being
> >> repaired, is this a sign of the ?death of landlines??****
> >>
> >> ** **
> >>
> >> Seriously need to understand what is going on?****
> >>
> >> ** **
> >>
> >> Edith****
> >>
> >> *??________________*
> >>
> >> *Edith Ofwona Adera*
> >>
> >> Senior Program Specialist ****
> >>
> >> Climate Change and Water Program****
> >>
> >> Agriculture and Environment ****
> >>
> >> International Development Research Centre ****
> >>
> >> Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa ****
> >>
> >> Liason House 2nd floor, State House Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya****
> >>
> >> +254-20-2713160/1 | Fax: +254-20-2711063 | Mobile: +254-733-624345****
> >>
> >> eadera at idrc.ca | www.idrc.ca | www.crdi.ca****
> >>
> >> ** **
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> kictanet mailing list
> >> kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke
> >> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/listinfo/kictanet
> >>
> >> Unsubscribe or change your options at
> >>
> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/options/kictanet/info%40alyhussein.com
> >>
> >> The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform
> >> for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and
> >> regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT
> >> sector in support of the national aim of ICT enabled growth and
> >> development.
> >>
> >> KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors
> >> online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and
> >> bandwidth,
> >> share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy,
> do
> >> not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
> >>
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> >
> > *Ali Hussein|Managing Partner*
> >
> > *
> > *Telemedia Africa
> > Azania Technology Group
> >
> > Chaka Court, Argwings Kodhek Road
> >
> > P O Box 14556-00100
> >
> > Office: +254 737 751409
> >
> > Cell: +254 773/713 601113
> >
> > *Nairobi, Kenya*
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Twitter: @AliHKassim
> >
> > Skype: abu-jomo
> >
> >
> > "You generally hear that what a man doesn't know doesn't hurt him, but in
> > business what a man doesn't know does hurt.". - E. St. Elmo Lewis,
> member,
> > Advertising Hall of Fame
> >
>
>
> --
> ______________________
> Mwendwa Kivuva
> For
> Business Development
> Transworld Computer Channels
> Cel: 0722402248
> twitter.com/lordmwesh
> transworldAfrica.com | Fluent in computing
> kenya.or.ke | The Kenya we know
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 4
> Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 09:41:50 +0300
> From: Dorcas Muthoni <dmuthoni at gmail.com>
> To: Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke>
> Cc: KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions <kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke>
> Subject: Re: [kictanet] The Death of Landlines?
> Message-ID:
> <CACFhaS45ToCeuLxgdjJeVusofm89nAX-=
> boDeQoonOcvzWCAWA at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> Dear Edith,
>
> I totally agree with you. Our TKL lines went down end of March after the
> onset of the rains. I understand about 3000 customers have been down on
> Loita Street since then. Remember the story of the rains going with the
> lines..
>
> We have called anybody and everybody to have this sorted. Customer care is
> not sincere, the person in charge of our lines has kept taking us rounds.
>
> I saw Orange the other day asking treasury to bail them out, this is
> actually a serious matter and they should be exposed to relevant
> authorities.
>
> Services must be rendered, i know Orange hope to make in roads on GSM, but
> they have the responsibility to ensure that the copper network investment
> is not lost.
>
> TKL is still partly owned by GoK.
>
> Muthoni
>
> On Sat, Jul 21, 2012 at 12:09 AM, Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke> wrote:
>
> > Phillip/Washington,
> >
> > While vandalism may be a big issue (and thanks to law it's now an
> economic
> > crime), the question still not answered as Washington rightly points out
> is
> > what became of TKL/Orange service delivery?
> >
> > How can you have clients off service for more than 3 months while they
> pay
> > for the basic cost of maintaining landlines that are not working and with
> > NO idea when the problem will be resolved? Can this be categorized as
> > "denial of service" hence subject to CCK intervention? what are the
> > regulatory implications of persistent poor QoS?
> >
> > If there is any lister from TKL/Orange, can they let us know what is
> going
> > on? any word from CCK?
> >
> > Edith
> >
> > *________________ * ** ****
> >
> > *Edith Ofwona Adera *****
> >
> > Senior Program Specialist
> >
> > Climate Change & Water Program
> >
> > International Development Research Centre | Centre de recherches pour le
> > d?veloppement international****
> >
> > Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa
> >
> > Tel: +254202713160 | Fax/T?l?c: +254202711063 | Skype: edithadera
> >
> > eadera at idrc.or.ke | www.idrc.ca | www.crdi.ca
> >
> > ------------------------------
> > *From:* kictanet [kictanet-bounces+eadera=
> idrc.or.ke at lists.kictanet.or.ke]
> > On Behalf Of Odhiambo Washington [odhiambo at gmail.com]
> > *Sent:* 20 July 2012 23:41
> > *To:* Edith Adera
> > *Cc:* KICTAnet ICT Policy Discussions
> > *Subject:* Re: [kictanet] The Death of Landlines?
> >
> > Thanks, Philip, but this is pure nostalgia you've put across. It has
> > nothing to do with service delivery, really.
> >
> > TKL is the only company that had fibre as the last mile before everyone
> > else. Did they take advantage of that?
> >
> > TKL is the parent company of Safaricom, who now is the market leader.
> What
> > went wong?
> >
> > Do you remember the days of "The Watchman" - when people had to resort to
> > the Daily Nation's Watchman column in order to spur KPT&C into action?
> >
> > I see the problem as being more of culture than vandalism. Yes, there is
> > vandalism, but culture plays out more prominently.
> >
> > You just need to single out a problem, like what Edith is facing and
> > you'll come to realize that vandalism has nothing to do with it.
> >
> > Even KPLC faces vandals who take away transformers - a more dangerous
> > venture. If they were TKL, there will be no more service on copper!
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 10:30 PM, Philip Adar <philip.adar at gmail.com
> >wrote:
> >
> >> The problem with the landlines has nothing to do with Telkom Kenya
> >> Limited (TKL), but has everything to do with the rest of us, yes all of
> us
> >> as Kenyans. TKL as a company will always be happy to offer better
> services
> >> to her customers in this competitive and saturated telecommunications
> >> market place.
> >>
> >> Investment in copper is a very expensive undertaking. It is expensive to
> >> procure and install copper cables more than any other form of
> >> telecommunications infrastructure the world over. Many companies who
> >> operate copper lines make profit by striving to derive maximum benefit
> from
> >> copper over long durations of time (maybe 5 to 10 years of service).
> But of
> >> late, the Kenyan populace has developed a very high appetite for
> harvesting
> >> copper such that even getting 24hours of copper in the ground is
> becoming a
> >> nightmare!
> >>
> >> I know this from my previous experience while working for TKL.
> >>
> >> TKL has a maintenance team. Every time an outage occurs (most cases will
> >> be that somebody has cut-out and stolen some copper cable), they will
> >> respond by visiting the affected areas and replacing the stolen cables.
> But
> >> in 99% of the cases, the replaced cable will be stolen the very night
> it is
> >> installed! The thieves will keep an eye and immediately the cable is
> >> replaced, they will come harvesting again!!!
> >>
> >> Now the question arises: How many times will the company be financially
> >> capable of replacing cables that get stolen 24 hours later?
> >>
> >> I remember with nostalgia some times back when overhead copper cables
> >> used to run parallel to the major roads in Kenya; even to the remote
> >> village where I come from, we had copper cables providing
> >> telecommunications services to the local post office. It was common to
> see
> >> KPLC power cables on one side of the road and Kenya Post and
> >> Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) cables on the other. How comes
> KPLC
> >> cables still remain standing while KPTC cables are today non existent?
> Do
> >> anyone believe KPTC initiated a project to harvest the cables and kept
> them
> >> in a store somewhere?
> >>
> >> People in this country; and perhaps people in the ICT industry have made
> >> money by profiteering from copper cable vandalism!
> >>
> >> It is still common to get fixed lines in developed countries, and I
> >> guarantee that fixed lines will remain the best form of providing
> >> telecommunication services for several years into the future.
> >>
> >> The ministry of communications (thanks to Dr. Ndemo) has done her bit by
> >> supporting the industry by introducing strict penalty for cable
> vandals. We
> >> need to do our part by encouraging community policing and ensuring that
> all
> >> cable vandals are identified, arrested and charged in court.
> >>
> >> TKL would love to have everyone on landlines, in fact TKL would be very
> >> happy to install additional landlines if we were to stop stealing them.
> In
> >> my view, it may not be very correct to believe that TKL employes are
> very
> >> incompetent and just too lazy to support the infrastructure which
> >> generates revenue for the company.
> >>
> >> We have identified a problem, and the problem is extremely unsustainable
> >> levels of cable theft than has been experienced in any part of the world
> >> before. We need to see people here generating ideas on how we can root
> out
> >> cable vandalism in our society. We need ideas on methods of providing
> >> infrastructure sustainability in our country. The academia, the industry
> >> and the society have roles to play to see a future of development into
> >> vision 2030, a future of honesty, a future devoid of business
> malpractices
> >> that have seen some organizations benefiting using in appropriate means
> by
> >> sabotaging others...
> >>
> >> TKL, our companies, our institutions and all our people need such ideas.
> >> This should be the focus....
> >>
> >> Regards
> >> Philip
> >>
> >> On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 5:47 PM, Odhiambo Washington <
> odhiambo at gmail.com
> >> > wrote:
> >>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> On Fri, Jul 20, 2012 at 4:51 PM, Edith Adera <eadera at idrc.or.ke>
> wrote:
> >>>
> >>>> Lister?s****
> >>>>
> >>>> ****
> >>>>
> >>>> Does anyone know what?s going on at?is it Orange Telkom or Telkom
> >>>> Kenya? about landlines. When corporate lines go down it seems they
> are not
> >>>> being repaired, is this a sign of the ?death of landlines??****
> >>>>
> >>>> ****
> >>>>
> >>>> Seriously need to understand what is going on?
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>
> >>> Personally, I think that unless someone has something special to carry
> >>> on top of the copper, then it's that time in life they drop the
> "landline".
> >>> There is nothing special about them.
> >>> It's also pretty easy these days for an organization to "change their
> >>> contact phone numbers" - by a simple change of "Our Contacts" on the
> >>> website, or a mailshot to their suppliers/clients.
> >>>
> >>> Sorry I did not answer your question directly, but TKL/Orange has been
> >>> working on redoing their cabling in many areas. Perhaps this is what is
> >>> affecting you. I understand how difficult it is to do business with
> Orange
> >>> when it comes to fixing problems. Their Customer Care still sux, and
> the
> >>> bureaucracy is still very much embedded. I resorted to walking to the
> >>> Exchange and seeking out the technicians in order to have my problems
> with
> >>> landlines addressed. Maybe you should do just that!
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> --
> >>> Best regards,
> >>> Odhiambo WASHINGTON,
> >>> Nairobi,KE
> >>> +254733744121/+254722743223
> >>> _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
> >>> I can't hear you -- I'm using the scrambler.
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> _______________________________________________
> >>> kictanet mailing list
> >>> kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke
> >>> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/listinfo/kictanet
> >>>
> >>> Unsubscribe or change your options at
> >>>
> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/options/kictanet/philip.adar%40gmail.com
> >>>
> >>> The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform
> >>> for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and
> >>> regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT
> >>> sector in support of the national aim of ICT enabled growth and
> development.
> >>>
> >>> KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors
> >>> online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and
> bandwidth,
> >>> share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy,
> do
> >>> not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
> >>>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >> Regards
> >>
> >> Philip Adar
> >>
> >>
> >
> >
> > --
> > Best regards,
> > Odhiambo WASHINGTON,
> > Nairobi,KE
> > +254733744121/+254722743223
> > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
> > I can't hear you -- I'm using the scrambler.
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > kictanet mailing list
> > kictanet at lists.kictanet.or.ke
> > https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/listinfo/kictanet
> >
> > Unsubscribe or change your options at
> >
> https://lists.kictanet.or.ke/mailman/options/kictanet/dmuthoni%40gmail.com
> >
> > The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform
> > for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and
> > regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT
> > sector in support of the national aim of ICT enabled growth and
> development.
> >
> > KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors
> > online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and
> bandwidth,
> > share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy, do
> > not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
> >
>
>
>
> --
> Muthoni
>
> My Blog: http://rugongo.blogspot.com/
> --------------------------------------------
> Mahatma Gandhi once said:-
>
> First they ignore you,
> Then they laugh at you,
> Then they fight you,
> AND THEN YOU WIN!!!
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>
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> The Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) is a multi-stakeholder platform
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> regulation. The network aims to act as a catalyst for reform in the ICT
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> KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors
> online that you follow in real life: respect people's times and bandwidth,
> share knowledge, don't flame or abuse or personalize, respect privacy, do
> not spam, do not market your wares or qualifications.
>
--
Dr. Warigia Bowman
Assistant Professor
Clinton School of Public Service
University of Arkansas
1200 President Clinton Ave.
Little Rock, AR 72201
wbowman at clintonschool.uasys.edu
http://democratizingegypt.blogspot.com
Warigia Bowman
--------------------------------------------------
View my research on my SSRN Author page:
http://ssrn.com/author=1479660
--------------------------------------------------
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